First Aid Training

aims of first aid

Preserve Life

Prevent Worsening
Promote Recovery

the airway

emergency action plan

DANGER?
Make sure it is safe for you to give help.

YES

NO History
Find out what has happened.

Remove Danger
Make the scene safe. Do not take risks.

YES

Response?
Shout and gently shake or tap the casualty.

NO Signs and Symptoms

How does the patient feel or look? Try to work out whats wrong.

Help!
Shout for help, but dont leave the casualty yet.

Treatment
Remember If youre not sure, always seek professional medical advice.

Airway
Open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin.

Normal Breathing? YES

Look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds. If youre not sure if breathing is normal, treat it as though it is not.

Secondary Survey
Check for bleeding, injuries and clues (see your first aid book).

Recovery Position
Recovery Position (see book). Dial 999 if not already done. Monitor Airway and Breathing. Keep the casualty Warm.

NO
Dial 999 Now
(If not already done)

Resuscitation
Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths.

30 to 2

Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Only stop to recheck the patient if they start breathing normally otherwise do not interrupt resuscitation. If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 2 minutes to prevent fatigue.

priorities of treatment

Primary Survey

A
Airway

B
Breathing Secondary Survey

B
Bleeding (or burns)

B
Bones

resuscitation

D anger R esponse A irway B reathing

Causes of unconsciousness

F ainting

I mbalance of heat
Shock H ead Injury Stroke Heart Attack A sphyxia Poisoning

E pilepsy
Diabetes

levels of consciousness

A lert V oice
Confused Inappropriate words Utters sounds No verbal response

P ain

Localises pain
Responds only

U nresponsive

secondary survey

Primary Survey First! D.R.A.B. Bleeding or Burns Head and Neck Shoulders and Chest Abdomen and Pelvis Legs and Arms Pockets and Clues Recovery Position

head injuries

Concussion
Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery. Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability. Mild, general headache. Pale, clammy skin. Shallow / normal breathing.

Compression
Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates Levels of response become worse as condition develops Intense headache. Flushed, dry skin. Deep, noisy, slow breathing. (Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain) Slow, strong pulse. (Caused by raised blood pressure) One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain. Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery.

Rapid, weak pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities) Normal pupils, reacting to light. Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery.

compression

pupils

pupils

pupils

the respiratory system

the respiratory system

Alveoli

collapsed lung

hypoxia the causes

External

Suffocation,Drowning, High Altitude Tongue, Vomit, Choking, Strangulation, Hanging, Burns, Anaphylaxis, Disease.

Airway

Breathing

Crushing, Collapsed Lung, Chest Injury, Poisons, Asthma, Disease, Illness.

Heart Attack, Angina, Bleeding, Poisons, Anaemia. Stroke, Head Injury, Drug Overdose/Poisons, Spinal Injury, Electric Shock.

Circulation

Control Centre

hypoxia signs and symptoms

Pale, Cold, Clammy / Cyanosis Nausea / Vomiting Increase In Pulse Rate Weak Pulse

Increase in Breathing Rate / Short of Breath

Dizziness / Confusion Lowered Levels of Response

the circulatory system

the heart blood flow

From the Body

To the Body

To the Lungs From the Lungs

Right Atrium Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

the heart

a typical heart attack

electrical impulses of the heart

Shock normal circulation

Hypovolaemic Shock

cardiogenic shock

fainting

Handbrake!!

anaphylactic shock

anaphylaxis

Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

types of wound

C ontusion A brasion L aceration I ncision P uncture G un Shot A mputation D egloved

fractured wrist

eye / face laceration

finger laceration

Fingertip amputation

puncture wound

blood loss

Dilate

Blood Vessels
Constrict 140

Heart Rate

120 100

80

Blood Pressure

10%

20%

30%

40%

Blood Loss

treatment of bleeding

S it or Lay

E xamine
E levate P ressure

severity of burns

S ize

C ause
A ge

L ocation
Depth

burns estimating the area

laceration

dislocated kneecap

burns

burns treatment

COOL!

REMOVE

DRESS

the skeleton

the spine

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Fused Sacral

types of fracture

Closed

Open

Complicated

Green Stick

types of wound

P ain L oss of power U natural movement S welling or bruising Deformity I rregularity C repitus T enderness

open fracture

open fracture

Note the poor aseptic technique!

open fractured wrist

sprains and strains

R est

Ice
C ompression E levation

body temperature
0F
109.4

0C
43 42 41 40 39 38 Unconsciousness / fitting. Confused / restless. Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable. Strong bounding pulse. Flushed dry skin, hot to touch. Cramps in stomach / arms / legs. Pale sweaty skin. Nausea / loss of appetite.

Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion

107.6 105.8 104 102.2 100.4 98.6 96.8 95

Normal Mild Hypothermia

37 Normal Body Temperature 36 35 Shivering 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness 33 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity 32 Very slow, very weak pulse 31 Noticeable drowsiness 30 Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness 29 Dilated pupils 28 Pulse undetectable 27 Appearance of death 26 25 24 Death

93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86

Severe Hypothermia

84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77 75.2

body temperature
0F
109.4

0C
43 42 41 40 39 38 Unconsciousness / fitting. Confused / restless. Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable. Strong bounding pulse. Flushed dry skin, hot to touch. Cramps in stomach / arms / legs. Pale sweaty skin. Nausea / loss of appetite.

Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion

107.6 105.8 104 102.2 100.4 98.6 96.8 95

Normal Mild Hypothermia

37 Normal Body Temperature 36 35 Shivering 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness 33 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity 32 Very slow, very weak pulse 31 Noticeable drowsiness 30 Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness 29 Dilated pupils 28 Pulse undetectable 27 Appearance of death 26 25 24 Death

93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86

Severe Hypothermia

84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77 75.2

body temperature
0F
109.4

0C
43 42 41 40 39 38 Unconsciousness / fitting. Confused / restless. Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable. Strong bounding pulse. Flushed dry skin, hot to touch. Cramps in stomach / arms / legs. Pale sweaty skin. Nausea / loss of appetite.

Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion

107.6 105.8 104 102.2 100.4 98.6 96.8 95

Normal Mild Hypothermia

37 Normal Body Temperature 36 35 Shivering 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness 33 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity 32 Very slow, very weak pulse 31 Noticeable drowsiness 30 Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness 29 Dilated pupils 28 Pulse undetectable 27 Appearance of death 26 25 24 Death

93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86

Severe Hypothermia

84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77 75.2

body temperature
0F
109.4

0C
43 42 41 40 39 38 Unconsciousness / fitting. Confused / restless. Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable. Strong bounding pulse. Flushed dry skin, hot to touch. Cramps in stomach / arms / legs. Pale sweaty skin. Nausea / loss of appetite.

Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion

107.6 105.8 104 102.2 100.4 98.6 96.8 95

Normal Mild Hypothermia

37 Normal Body Temperature 36 35 Shivering 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness 33 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity 32 Very slow, very weak pulse 31 Noticeable drowsiness 30 Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness 29 Dilated pupils 28 Pulse undetectable 27 Appearance of death 26 25 24 Death

93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86

Severe Hypothermia

84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77 75.2

body temperature
0F
109.4

0C
43 42 41 40 39 38 Unconsciousness / fitting. Confused / restless. Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable. Strong bounding pulse. Flushed dry skin, hot to touch. Cramps in stomach / arms / legs. Pale sweaty skin. Nausea / loss of appetite.

Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion

107.6 105.8 104 102.2 100.4 98.6 96.8 95

Normal Mild Hypothermia

37 Normal Body Temperature 36 35 Shivering 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness 33 Shivering stops, muscle rigidity 32 Very slow, very weak pulse 31 Noticeable drowsiness 30 Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness 29 Dilated pupils 28 Pulse undetectable 27 Appearance of death 26 25 24 Death

93.2 91.4 89.6 87.8 86

Severe Hypothermia

84.2 82.4 80.6 78.8 77 75.2

the digestive system

diabetes

High Blood Sugar

Onset Levels of response Slow

Low Blood Sugar Fast

Deteriorate slowly

Deteriorate rapidly

Skin

Dry and Warm

Pale, cold, sweaty

Breathing

Deep sighing breaths

Shallow and rapid

Pulse

Rapid Excessive urination Very thirsty Hunger

Fruity smell on breath

Rapid

Other symptoms

May be confused for drunkenness

moving and handling

An average adult weighs 60 to 70kg!

For most women, reduce weight by one third Reduce weight by 10% for twisting 45o Reduce weight by 20% for twisting 90 o

Assumptions:
The load is grasped in both hands. The handler is in a stable body position The lift takes place in reasonable working conditions

moving and handling

Chin up as you lift

Keep your back upright

Bend with your knees not your back

Keep the load as close to your body as possible

Feet apart to give you balance