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Choosing The Legal Form of Organization
Choosing The Legal Form of Organization
Learning Objectives
Distinguish between sole proprietorships and partnerships Discuss the corporate form and its advantages and disadvantages Explain the limited liability company Define the nonprofit corporation Make the decision about which legal form to use for which purpose Discuss how a business entity can evolve from one legal form to another
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General Partnership
Partnership
Limited Partnership
S-Corp
Bridge Forms
LLC
C-Corp
Full Corporate
Non-Profit
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Sole Proprietorships
Advantages of sole proprietorships: Easy and inexpensive to create 100% of ownership+ profits stay with the owner Complete decision making authority for the owner Income is taxed only at the owners personal income tax rate No major reporting requirements exist
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Partnerships
Partnership - two or more people agree to share the assets, liabilities, profits of a business Advantages: Have same advantages as sole proprietorships Shared risk of doing business Shared partner clout with multiple financial statements Shared ideas, expertise, decision making Partners receive pass-through earnings and losses taxed at their personal tax rates
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Partnerships (continued)
Disadvantages: Partners are personally liable for all business debts and obligations Individual partners can bind the partnership contractually Partnership dissolution results when a partner leaves or dies (unless otherwise stated in partnership agreement) Partners can be sued individually for the full amount of partnership debt
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Partnership Agreement
Based on the Uniform Partnership Act, it defines the relationship between partners in terms of
business responsibilities profit sharing transfer of interest Who is entitled to purchase the departing partners share? What events trigger a buyout? What is the price to be paid for the partners interest? Life insurance policy on principal partner members Use of proceeds upon the partners death to buy out partner or keep the business going
Buy-sell Agreement:
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Corporation
U.S. Supreme Court Definition : An artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law. Powers include rights to:
Sue and be sued Acquire-sell real property Lend money
Owners rights:
As stockholders they invest capital in exchange for shares No liability for corporations debts Can only lose the money they invest
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 | 11
C-Corporation
Advantages: Limited liability for owners Capital can be raised through sale of stock Ownership is transferable Binding contracts do not need individual owner signature Enjoys status and deference in business circles Employee access to retirement funds, definedcontribution, profit-sharing and stock option plans The entrepreneur can hold personal assets which can be leased back to the corporation for a fee
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C-Corporation (continued)
Disadvantages: More complex to organize Subject to more governmental regulation Cost more to create Stockholders do not receive benefit of losses Ownership control passes to the board of directors
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C-Corporation (continued)
Where to incorporate: In the state in which the business is located In states with favorable tax laws Delaware - if seeking venture capital
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S-Corporation
Advantages: Business losses can be passed through for taxation at entrepreneurs personal tax rate Avoids double taxation of income Disadvantages: Retained earnings no longer available for expansion or diversification No deductions on medical reimbursements or health insurance plans
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Professional Corporations
Licensed service professionals corporation organized to provide their services
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