Revolution in the field of electricity

R.CHAITANYA EEE,IIIyear

The Transfer of Electricity from one place to

another without wires is known as WiTricity

Because of Witricity some of the devices won't

require batteries to operate.

In 1891, Sir Nikola Tesla Proposed a method of Wireless Power Transmission

As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency.

The story started late one night a few years ago. It was probably the sixth time that month that MIT Professor Marin Soljacic was awakened by his mobile phone beeping battery low. At that time it occurred to him that there is electricity wired all through his house, office-everywhere. He think about- how it is possible to use electricity without using wires

Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetic induction Electromagnetism Energy/Power Coupling: Resonance Resonant Magnetic Coupling

Electricity

The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another!

Magnetism
is a force that acts at a distance due to a magnetic field. This field is caused by moving electircally charged particles or is inherent in magnetic objects such as magnet.

Electromagnetic induction A term for the interdependence of timevarying electric and magnetic fields For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.

Electromagnetism
is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with strong interaction, weak interaction and gravita ion. It is the force that

causes the interaction between

electrically charged particles; the areas in which this happens are called electromagnetic fields

Energy/Power Coupling:
coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object.

RESONANCE
:is the tendency of a system to oscillate with larger amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies (or resonance frequencies). At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations

Resonant Magnetic Coupling:

Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

SOLDIERS MARCHING ON A BRIDGE. If the frequency of their stepping reaches to the natural frequency of the bridge, it may collapse due to RESONANCE.

There is witricity power sources(transmitter) and capture devices(receiver) Power source provides power to the devices where as capture device captured it to work. The Transfer of Electricity from one place to another without wires is known as Witricity. Power source and capture devices are specially designed magnetic resonators. Magnetic resonators efficiently transfer power over large distance via the magnetic near-field

Near field is a wireless transmission technique over distances comparable to or a few times the diameter of devices. Near field is usually magnetic. Near field energy is non radiative .but some radiative and resistive losses will occur.
The blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. The yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the WiTicity capture coil

Coupled resonators
Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy.

Coupled resonators are said to be operate in strongly coupled regime to avoid material absorption and radiative loss.

MIT teams behind witricity technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2007: A physics research group, led by Prof. Marin Soljacic,at MIT, wirelessly power a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a 2 meters (6.6 ft) distance using two 60 cmdiameter coils

Experimental Design: Our experimental scheme consists of two Self-resonant coils. One coil (source coil) is coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit; the other (device coil) is coupled inductively to a resistive load. Self-resonant coils rely on the interplay between distributed inductance and distributed capacitance to achieve resonance.

Range & Rate of Coupling: Using

Coupled Mode Theory (CMT), we can give some frame work to the system. The field system of the two resonant objects 1, 2 is F(r,t)=a1(t)F1(r)+a2(t)F2(r) Where F1,2(r) are the resonating modes of 1 and 2 alone, and then the field amplitudes a1(t) and a2(t).The lower order representation of the system is given by : Where 1, 2 are the individual frequencies, 1, 2 are the Resonance
coefficient .

widths (Decay rates) due to the objects intrinsic (absorption, radiation etc.) losses, and is the coupling

The solution of the equation show that at exact resonance at 1=2 and 1=2 the normal modes of the combined system are split by 2. The energy exchange between the two objects takes place in time Pi/ and is nearly perfect, apart for losses, which are minimal when the coupling rate is much faster than all loss rates (>> 1, 2). It is exactly this ratio { /sqrt (1, 2)} shows that, it will set as figure-of-merit for any system under consideration for wireless energytransfer, along with the distance over which this ratio can be achieved. The desired optimal regime {/sqrt (1,2)>>1} is called StrongCoupling regime. There is No change in Energy, unless />>1 is true
.

Imagine a future in which wireless electricity makes everyday products more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

Q: Is WiTricity technology safe? A: WiTricitys technology is a nonradiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms people and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. WiTricity products are being designed to comply with applicable safety standards and regulations.

APPLICATIONS
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics in home, car, office,...while devices are in use and mobile.
Direct wireless powering of stationary deviceseliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and
wall-wart power supplies.

Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.

Transportation

Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.

Other Applications
Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrilator, etc.). Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.). Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.

ADVANTAGES
No need of line of sight. No need of power cables and batteries. Does not interfere with radio waves. Wastage of power is small . Negative health implications. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction Less costly.

Wireless power transmission can be possible only in few meters. Efficiency is only about 40%.

Teams next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed any where in the room and even robots on factory floors. In another 3 to 5 years time. they will come up with a witricity for commercial use.