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Urogenital System
Urogenital System
1. Elimination:
1. Homeostatic regulation:
Kidneys
Urinary Tract
Process of eliminating urine Contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through urethra, and out of body
Urination or Micturition
Types of kidneys
PRONEPHRIC KIDNEY MESONEPHRIC KDNEYS METANEPHRIC KDNEY
Metanephric kidneys
BASIS
PRONEPHROS
MESONEPHROS METANEPHROS
ORIGIN
Middle Posterior nephrogenic nephrogenic mesoderm mesoderm Mesonephric Metanephric Duct duct Adult amphibians Reptiles, aves, mammals
DUCT
VERTEBRATE
Is protected and stabilized by 3 concentric layers of connective tissue: 1. renal capsule 1. A layer of collagen fibers 2. Covers outer surface of entire organ 2. adipose capsule 1. A thick layer of adipose tissue 2. Surrounds renal capsule 3. renal fascia 1. A dense, fibrous outer layer 2. Anchors kidney to surrounding structures
Hilum
Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves Point of exit for renal vein and ureter
Renal Sinus
Bound to outer surfaces of structures in renal sinus Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves
Renal Capsule
Superficial portion of kidney in contact with renal capsule Reddish brown and granular
Renal Cortex
Renal Pyramids
Bands of cortical tissue separate adjacent renal pyramids Extend into medulla Have distinctly granular texture
Renal Columns
Consists of:
Renal Lobe
renal pyramid overlying area of renal cortex adjacent tissues of renal columns
Produces urine
Renal Papilla
Major Calyx
Large, funnel-shaped chamber Consists of 2 or 3 major calyces Fills most of renal sinus Connected to ureter, which drains kidney
Renal Pelvis
Figure 266
Renal Tubule
Long tubular passageway Begins at renal corpuscle Spherical structure consisting of:
Renal Corpuscle
Bowmans capsule cup-shaped chamber capillary network (glomerulus)
Consists of 50 intertwining capillaries Blood delivered via afferent arteriole Blood leaves in efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Filtration
Occurs in renal corpuscle Blood pressure:
forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space produces proteinfree solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
Nephrons
Traveling along tubule, filtrate (tubular fluid) gradually changes composition Changes vary with activities in each segment of nephron Empties into the collecting system:
a series of tubes carries tubular fluid away from nephron
Collecting Ducts
Also called nephron loop Renal tubule turns toward renal medulla: Descending limb:
leads to loop of Henle fluid flows toward renal pelvis
Ascending Limbs
Are freely permeable to water, not to solutes Water movement helps conc. tubular fluid Ends at a sharp angle near the renal corpuscle where DCT begins
Figure 2616a
Figure 2618a
Figure 2618b
Figure 2618c
The Ureters
Are a pair of muscular tubes Extend from kidneys to urinary bladder Begin at renal pelvis attached to posterior abdominal wall Penetrate posterior wall of the urinary bladder Pass through bladder wall at oblique angle Ureteral openings are slitlike rather than rounded Shape helps prevent backflow of urine:
when urinary bladder contracts
Peristaltic Contractions
Begin at renal pelvis Sweep along ureter Force urine toward urinary bladder Every 30 seconds
Bladder Position
Is stabilized by several peritoneal folds Posterior, inferior, and anterior surfaces:
lie outside peritoneal cavity
Ligamentous bands:
anchor urinary bladder to pelvic and pubic bones
Umbilical Ligaments
Are vestiges of 2 umbilical arteries Middle umbilical ligament extends:
from anterior, superior border toward umbilicus
The Mucosa
Acts as a funnel:
channels urine from bladder into urethra
The Urethra
Extends from neck of urinary bladder To the exterior of the body
1. Membranous urethra:
Characteristics
Lack seminiferous tubules but has cystlike seminiferous ampullae Sperm duct are culminated in a mesonephric duct which carries no sperm Sperm duct empties into the cloaca Empty into the urethra (prostatic, membranous,penile) Glands: ampullary, seminal vesicles, coagulating gland
Osteichthyes
Intromittent organs
Class Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibians Reptiles Aves Mammals Intromittent organs Claspers (with siphon sacs) gonopodium cloaca Hemipenis, penis Penis (ducks, ostrich) Penis
gonopodium
1. PENIS the pendant organ anterior to the scrotum and attached to the pubis - parts: a. shaft b. root c. glans penis - functions: a. organ for coitus b. convey urine and seminal fluid to the outside of the body
Long,slender tube which is connected to the ejaculatory duct Parts: a. prostatic urethra b. membranous urethra c. penile urethra Functions : passageway of semen to the female reproductive tract Passageway of the urine from the urinary bladder
URETHRA
2. Scrotum Thin pouch of skin, posterior to the penis and external to the testes Contains several nerves and blood vessels Function: enclose and protect the testes
3. TESTES
The primary sex organs Located posterior to the penis within the scrotum Parts: a. seminiferous tubules b. cells of leydig Functions: production of sperm cells (spermatogenesis) production of hormones
4. EPIDIDYMIS
the mass of tubules attached to the posterior surface of thetestes Functions: site for sperm maturation for storage of spermatozoa
5. VAS DEFERENS
Ducts extending from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct Functions: storage of spermatozoa,transport of sperm during ejaculation
Short ducts between the ductus deferentia and the prostatic urethra Functions: receives the spermatozoa and additives to produce seminal fluid
2. ACCESSORY GLANDS
A. SEMINAL VESICLES Club-shaped glands posterior to the prostate and are attached to the ejaculatory glands Functions: secrete alkaline fluid (60%) of the semen which contain nutrients and prostaglandins
B.PROSTATE GLAND
Walnut-shaped gland at the base of the urinary bladder Surrounds the prostatic urethra Functions : secretes alkaline fluid (20%) that help neutralize the acidic vaginal environment and enhance the motility of the sperm
C.BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate Empty into the membranous urethra Function: - secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra ] and the end of penis - cleanses the urethra prior to the ejaculation
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE
Types of uterus
Uterus 1. Duplex Characteristics Vertebrates 2 distinct uteri,lower oviducts Rodents,lagomorphs unite to form the vagina Lower end of the uteri fuse to carnivores form the body,2 horns, 1 partition of the body Lower end of the uteri fuse to ungulates form the body,2 horns, no partition of the body Uteri completely fused to form Primates, man large median body
2. Bipartitite
3. Biconuuate
4. simplex
a. Differences in Ovaries
Class Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibians Reptiles Compact Have central cavity Folded,thin -walled sacs Has numerous,internal,irregular fluidfilled lacunae; turtles and crocodiles have compact ovaries Same as reptiles compact ovaries
Aves Mammals
Mammals
CLOACA
Terminal segment of the hindgut that receives the large intestines and the urinary and genital ducts and opens to the exterior through the vent In reptiles,birds, monotremes divided into: a. Urodeum receives urinary and genital ducts b. Coprodeum receives rectum - In placental mammals except monkey, apes, and man, becomes completely divided inot urigenital sinus and rectum
Labia Minora: two smaller folds of tissue which lie just within the labia majora. The labia minora join at the top, forming a hood over the clitoris. The labia minora are without hair and are rich in touch receptors and blood vessels. Clitoris: the center of sexual sensation and stimulation in the female. It is composed of erectile tissues and many sensitive nerve endings. It is found where the folds of the labia minora meet in the front. Urethra: below the clitoris, the opening to the bladder.
INTERNAL ORGANS
Hymen: a thin ring of tissue covering the opening to the vagina. It is the dividing line between external and internal sex organs. It has been over emphasized as a sign of virginity. Vagina: female organ of intercourse, it is actually an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. It is only 3-4 inches long and shaped like a flattened funnel.
Cervix: the neck or opening of the uterus. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby
Uterus: the uterus is a hollow, muscular organ shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about three inches long and two inches wide. Function: The uterus has one main function to protect and nourish a fetus until it is ready to live outside the mothers body. The walls of the uterus stretch much like a balloon that is blown up. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks.
site for fertilization. Fertilization takes place in the outer third of the oviduct. The oviducts are funnel shaped and near the ovary. They have finger-like projections that reach out and encircle the ovum after ovulation takes place. Each oviduct is lined with many hair like fibers called cilia. This motion carries the egg cell toward the uterus.
Ovaries:
two solid egg-shaped structures about the size of peach pits. They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They have two main functions: 1-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE.
a. Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. b. Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum
2- stores and releases the ova or female egg cell. - The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). - Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. -
- Nature is very generous since only about 50,000 ova survive at adolescence and about 400 will never ripen to become available for fertilization. - After menopause the remaining ova no longer ripen or develop.
PLACENTA
Site of material exchange between the embryo/fetus and the mother Composed of chorionic villi and uterine lining Chorionic vesicles refers to the whole complex of the extraembryonic membrane and the embryo
Types of placenta:
I. According to contact a. Deciduous b. Non-deciduous II. According to chorionic villi a. Zonary b. Discoidal c. Coteledonary d. diffused
PLACENTA
Menarche VS Menopause
Menarche the first menstrual flow which occurs between 9-12 years of age Menopause the cessation of menstruation which occurs after 35 reproductive years 40s or 50s