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Agenda
Introduction Network Architecture System Architecture Evolution LTE Physical Layer LTE Layer 2/3 LTE UE Connection management LTE Network Algorithms Downlink Transmission Scheme Uplink Transmission Scheme OFDM SF-OFDM MIMO LTE-Advanced
CDMA2000
1X
Rel. 0 Rev. A Phase I Phase II
1x Advanced
EV-DO
Rel-99 Rel-5
EV-DO Rev. B
Rel-6
Rel-7 Rel-8
DO Advanced
Rel-9 & Beyond
WCDMA
HSPA
LTE
2011+
LTE Advanced
2009
2010
Created 01/30/09
Rel-4 Rel-5
Rel-6
Rel - 7 Rel 8
Work on LTE was initiated as a 3GPP release 7 study item Evolved UTRA and UTRAN in December 2004:
With enhancements such as HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink, the 3GPP radio-access technology will be highly competitive for several years. However, to ensure competitiveness in an even longer time frame, i.e. for the next 10 years and beyond, a long term evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology needs to be considered.
3GPP Long Term Evolution - the next generation of wireless cellular technology beyond 3G Initiative taken by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in 2004 Introduced in Release 8 of 3GPP Mobile systems likely to be deployed by 2010
GGSN SGSN
RNC
RNC
eNB eNB eNB E-UTRAN
EPC ; Evolved Packet Core MME : Mobility Management Entity S-GC : Serving Gateway P-GW : PDN Gateway PDN : Packet Data Network eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
eNB
NB
NB
NB
NB
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS: General Packet Radio Service SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node RNC: Radio Network Controller NB: Node B
S1
eNB = All radio interface-related functions MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and security parameters. S-GW = Node that terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN. P-GW = Node that terminates the interface towards PDN
eNB eNB
X2
eNB E-UTRAN
eNB
Simple Architecture Flat IP-Based Architecture Reduction in latency and cost Split between EPC and E-UTRAN Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies
EPC ; Evolved Packet Core MME : Mobility Management Entity S-GC : Serving Gateway P-GW : PDN Gateway PDN : Packet Data Network eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
LTE Overview
3GPP R8 solution for the next 10 years Peaks rates: DL 100Mbps with OFDMA, UL 50Mbps with SC-FDMA Latency for Control-plane < 100ms, for User-plane < 5ms Optimised for packet switched domain, supporting VoIP Scaleable RF bandwidth between 1.25MHz to 20MHz 200 users per cell in active state Supports MBMS multimedia services Uses MIMO multiple antenna technology Optimised for 0-15km/h mobile speed and support for up-to 120-350 km/h No soft handover, Intra-RAT handovers with UTRAN Simpler E-UTRAN architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
SGSN
RNC
SGSN
MME
NB
NB
RNC NB
User Plane
eNB
Control Plane
Protocol
eNB
RB Cont. Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont. eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control MAC : Medium Access Control NAS : Non Access Stratum EPS : Evolved Packet System UE : User Equipment IP : Internet Protocol Mobile Anchoring EPS Bearer Cont.
E-UTRAN
MME
NAS Security
EPC
SAE GW
S-GW S1 P-GW
UE IP Address Allocation Packet Filtering
Internet
LTE / SAE
LTE has been designed to support only packet switched services, in contrast to the circuit-switched model of previous cellular systems. LTE aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User Equipment (UE) and the Packet Data Network (PDN), without any disruption to the end users applications during mobility.
The term LTE encompasses the evolution of the radio access through the Evolved-UTRAN(E-UTRAN), it is accompanied by an evolution of the nonradio aspects under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) which includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved Packet System (EPS).
that supports multiple radio access technologies. The focus of this work is on the PS domain with the assumption that voice services are supported in this domain". This study includes the vision of an all-IP network.
Why LTE/SAE?
Packet Switched data is becoming more and more dominant VoIP is the most efficient method to transfer voice data Need for PS optimised system Amount of data is continuously growing Need for higher data rates at lower cost Users demand better quality to accept new services High quality needs to be quaranteed
> Alternative solution for non-3GPP technologies (WiMAX) needed > LTE will enhance the system to satisfy these requirements.
Downlink Capacity: Peak data rate of 100 Mbps in 20 MHz maximum bandwidth Uplink capacity: Peak data rate of 50 Mbps in 20 MHz maximum bandwidth Latency: Transition time less than 5 ms in ideal conditions (user plane), 100 ms control plane (fast connection setup)
Simplified architecture: Simpler E-UTRAN architecture: no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH Scalable bandwidth: 1.25MHz to 20MHz: Deployment possible in GSM bands.
Protocol
eNB
RB Cont. Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont. eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control MAC : Medium Access Control NAS : Non Access Stratum EPS : Evolved Packet System UE : User Equipment IP : Internet Protocol Mobile Anchoring EPS Bearer Cont.
E-UTRAN
MME
NAS Security
EPC
SAE GW
S-GW S1 P-GW
UE IP Address Allocation Packet Filtering
Internet
Gx
MME
Rx
LTE-Uu eNB UE
E-UTRAN
S1-U
S-GW
S5 / S8
EPC
P-GW
SGi
UE, E-UTRAN and EPC together represent the Internet Protocol (IP) Connectivity Layer. This part of the system is also called the Evolved Packet System (EPS). The main function of this layer is to provide IP based connectivity, and it is highly optimized for that purpose only. All services will be offered on top of IP, and circuit switched nodes and interfaces seen in earlier 3GPP architectures are not present in E-UTRAN and EPC at all. IP technologies are also dominant in the transport, where everything is designed to be operated on top of IP transport.
Services
The IP Multimedia Sub-System (IMS) is a good example of service machinery that can be used in the Services Connectivity Layer to provide services on top of the IP connectivity provided by the lower layers. For example, to support the voice service, IMS can provide Voice over IP (VoIP) and interconnectivity to legacy circuit switched networks PSTN and ISDN through Media Gateways it controls.
EPC
Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet switched domain of the existing 3GPP networks. Significant changes in the arrangement of functions and most nodes and the architecture in this part should be considered to be completely new. SAE GW represents the combination of the two gateways, Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) defined for the UP handling in EPC. Implementing them together as the SAE GW represents one possible deployment scenario, but the standards define the interface between them, and all operations have also been specified for when they are separate. The Basic System Architecture Configuration and its functionality are documented in 3GPP TS 23.401. We will learn the operation when the S5/S8 interface uses the GTP protocol. However, when the S5/S8 interface uses PMIP, the functionality for these interfaces is slightly different, and the Gxc interface also is needed between the Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) and S-GW.
One of the big architectural changes in the core network area is that the EPC does not contain a circuit switched domain, and no direct connectivity to traditional circuit switched networks such as ISDN or PSTN is needed in this layer.
E-UTRAN
The development in E-UTRAN is concentrated on one node, the evolved Node B (eNodeB). All radio functionality is collapsed there, i.e. the eNodeB is the termination point for all radio related protocols. As a network, E-UTRAN is simply a mesh of eNodeBs connected to neighbouring eNodeBs with the X2 interface.
User Equipment
UE is the device that the end user uses for communication. Typically it is a hand held device such as a smart phone or a data card such as those used currently in 2G and 3G, or it could be embedded, e.g. to a laptop. UE also contains the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) that is a separate module from the rest of the UE, which is often called the Terminal Equipment (TE). USIM is an application placed into a removable smart card called the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC). USIM is used to identify and authenticate the user and to derive security keys for protecting the radio interface transmission. Maybe most importantly, the UE provides the user interface to the end user so that applications such as a VoIP client can be used to set up a voice call.
Functionally the UE is a platform for communication applications, which signal with the network for setting up, maintaining and removing the communication links the end user needs. This includes mobility management functions such as handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in these the UE performs as instructed by the network.
GB GPRS Core
UTRAN
Iu
SGSN
S4
Rx+
S6
S7
IASA
S3 MME 3GPP SAE S2b UPE S5a anchor S5b anchor EPC (SAE)
Trusted non 3GPP IP Access
eNB
S1
SGi
WLAN 3GPP IP Access WLAN Access Network
S2a
EPDG
EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to the UE. A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the gateway and the UE. The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications.
Control-Plane L3
RRC
User-Plane
PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control MAC : Medium Access Control PHY : Physical Layer
Radio Bearers
L2
PDCP RLC
Logical Channels
MAC
Transport Channels
L1
PHY:
The topmost layer in the CP is the Non-Access Stratum (NAS), which consists of two separate protocols that are carried on direct signaling transport between the UE and the MME. The content of the NAS layer protocols is not visible to the eNodeB, and the eNodeB is not involved in these transactions by any other means, besides transporting the messages, and providing some additional transport layer indications along with the messages in some cases.
The UP includes the layers below the end user IP, i.e. these protocols form the Layer 2 used for carrying the end user IP packets. The protocol structure is very similar to the CP. This highlights the fact that the whole system is designed for generic packet data transport, and both CP signaling and UP data are ultimately packet data. Only the volumes are different.
Channel Mapping
DTCH MTCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
MCCH
Logical Channels
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
PCH
BCH
DL-SCH
MCH
RACH
UL-SCH
PDSCH
PBCH
PMCH
PDCCH
PRACH
PUSCH
PUCCH
Downlink
Uplink
SSCH
RS
UL Signals
RS Reference Signal (Demodulation and Sounding) Used for synchronization and UP channels estimations.
UL Channels
PRACH Physical random access channel Call setup Scheduling, ACK, NACK Payload
PUCCH Physical uplink control channel PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel
UL Channels
UL-SCH RACH Uplink Shared Channel Random Access Channel
CCCH
MCCH DCCH
Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz Support of paired and unpaired spectrum (FDD and TDD mode) Support for interworking with legacy networks Cost-efficiency:
Reduced CApital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) including backhaul Cost-effective migration from legacy networks
A detailed summary of requirements has been captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN).
LTE is adopting technology & features already available with Mobile WiMAX
Can expect similar long-term performance benefits and trade-offs
Relay
PDCP PDCP GTP - U
GTP - U
RLC MAC L1
UDP/IP L2 L1 S1-U
UDP/IP L2 L1
UDP/IP L2 L1 S5
UDP/IP L2 L1
UE/MS
E-UTRAN
Serving GW
PDN GW
SGi
Source: LTE/SAE: 3GPP, Mobile WiMAX: WiMAX Forum Network Specification Release 1.0
Also requires new spectrum to take full advantage of wider channel BWs and Requires dual-mode user devices for seamless internetwork connectivity
Modulation
QPSK, 16 QAM and 64
Adaptive modulation
and coding
Spectrum efficiency
Reduced Latency Mobility Spectrum flexibility Coverage Low complexity and cost Interoperability Simple packet-oriented E-UTRAN architecture
TX
TX
Three fundamental benefits of multiple antennas: (a) diversity gain; (b) array gain; (c) spatial multiplexing gain.
Spectrum flexibility
Flexible bandwidth New and existing bands Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD
1.4 MHz 20 MHz
1G
Analog
2G
Digital
3G
Packets
4G
True Broadband
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) range 1 meter MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Advanced Radio Chipsets for handsets and
dongles that incorporate MIMO Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) Smart networks (sector load balancing, spatial/freq/time load balancing, selftuning, dynamic resource management) Network MIMO & Heterogeneous Deployment (Pico+Micro+Femto) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) < [xDSL, WiMAX, WiFi 802.11a,g; LTE] Spectrum Flexibility Reconfigurable Radios (SDRs), Base stations, and CPE Cognitive radios
Flexibility in band-of-operation Flexibility in bandwidth Dynamic Spectrum Usage and Reconfigurable radios and cognitive radios? Flexibility in duplexing
Band X
Band Y
Band Z
20 MHz
Unpaired spectrum
An SDR is a radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted) can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions FCC Definition
Technology
Mobile Broadband speed evolution
Future LTE releases
LTE HSPA+ Market impact Peak rate Typical user rate downlink Typical user rate uplink 2009 42 Mbps 1-10 Mbps 0.5-4.5 Mbps 2010 ~150 Mbps 10-100 Mbps 5-50 Mbps
~1000 Mbps
Operator dependent Operator dependent
OFDMA has multiple orthogonal subcarries that can be shared between users
quickly adjustable bandwith per user
SC-FDMA is technically similar to OFDMA but is better suited for uplink from hand-held devices
Single carrier, time space multiplexing Tx consumes less power
LTE/SAE Keywords
aGW Access Gateway
eNB
EPC E-UTRAN
Evolved NodeB
Evolved Packet Core Evolved UTRAN
LTE
OFDMA SC-FDMA SAE UPE
RAN interfaces
X2 interface between eNBs for handovers Handover in 10 ms No soft handovers Interfaces using IP over E1/T1/ATM/Ethernet / Load sharing in S1 S1 divided to S1-U (to UPE) and S1-C (to CPE) Single node failure has limited effects
S1
eNB
eNB
UTRAN
X1
S6 S7 S4
Rx+
S3
eNB
S1
S11
SAE GW
S5
PDN SAE GW
SGi
X1
X2
S2
eNB
Non-3GPP IP Access
Evolved RAN
S7
TBD X2
aGW S8
eNB
Evolved RAN
aGW = MME/UPE
Functions of eNB
Terminates RRC, RLC and MAC protocols and takes care of Radio Resource Management functions
Controls radio bearers Controls radio admissions Controls mobility connections Allocates radio resources dynamically (scheduling) Receives measurement reports from UE
Selects MME at UE attachment Schedules and transmits paging messages coming from MME Schedules and transmits broadcast information coming from MME & O&M Decides measurement report configuration for mobility and scheduling Does IP header compression and encryption of user data streams
Functions of aGW
Takes care of Mobility Management Entity (MME) functions
Manages and stores UE context Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs Checks authorization Distributes paging messages to eNBs Takes care of security protocol Controls idle state mobility Control SAE bearers Ciphers & integrity protects NAS signaling
Functions
eNB
Inter Cell RRM RB Cont. Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Cont. eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY RRM : Radio Resource Management RB : Radio Bearer RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP : Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC : Radio Link Control MAC : Medium Access Control
aGW
Control Plane
SAE Bearer Control MME Entity
User Plane S1
PDCP User Plane
eNB S1
aGW
NAS
eNB S1
aGW
IP
PHY
PHY
GTP-U tunneling
Header compression & encryption
UE
X1
eNB
S1
UPE
S11
SAE GW S5
PDN SAE GW
SGi
Server
Application
Application
TCP/UDP u
TCP/UDP
IPv6/v4
PDCP RLC
IPv6/v4
GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
GTP-U
UDP IP L2 L1
UDP IP L2 L1
UDP IP L2 L1
UDP IP L2 L1
UDP IP
L2
L2
L2
MAC
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
Radio L1
Radio L1
L1
AP
S2
PDN SAE GW HA
SGi
Server
Application
TCP/UDP
IPv4/6
IPv4/6
MIP UDP
MIP UDP
IP
L2
IPv6/v4
L2 L2
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
L2 L1
L2 L1
L2 L1
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
FDD (left) and TDD (right) frequency bands defined in the 3GPP (May 2009)
OFDM
Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)
LTE provides QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM as downlink modulation schemes Cyclic prefix is used as guard interval, different configurations possible: Normal cyclic prefix with 5.2 Os (first symbol) / 4.7 Os (other symbols) Extended cyclic prefix with 16.7 Os 15 kHz subcarrier spacing Scalable bandwidth
Frequency
Time
Generic frame structure in E-UTRA downlink For the generic frame structure frame structure, the 10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5 ms. A sub-frame consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains 10 sub-frames.
The downlink reference signal structure is important for cell search, channel estimation and neighbor cell monitoring. The reference signal sequence carries the cell identity.
CCPCH
As additional help during cell search, a Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) is available which carries BCH type of information, e.g. system bandwidth. It is transmitted at pre-defined time instants on the 72 subcarriers centered around DC subcarrier.
Thus, the LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SCFDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) with cyclic prefix. SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR properties compared to an OFDMA signal. This was one of the main reasons for selecting SCFDMA as LTE uplink access scheme. The PAPR characteristics are important for cost-effective design of UE power amplifiers. Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.
Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT spread data symbols, therefore SC-FDMA is also referred to as DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).
OFDMA Parallel Transmission Multi carrier structure Increase in M => high PAPR SC-FDMA Serial Transmission Each symbol represented by a wide signal DFT spreads symbols over all subcarriers PAPR not affected by increase in M
Cell Search
Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects the cell ID of that cell.
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel) signals.
P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.
Cell search procedure 1. 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH. 2. Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH. 3. Full cell ID found from DL RS. 4. Decode BCH.
Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same downlink resource block(s). These data streams can belong to one single user (single user MIMO / SU-MIMO) or to different users (multi user MIMO / MU-MIMO). While SU-MIMO increases the data rate of one user, MU-MIMO allows to increase the overall capacity. Spatial multiplexing is only possible if the mobile radio channel allows it.
MIMO Configurations
MIMO
Single base
Co-located antennas
SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO
Macroscopic MIMO
Distributed antennas
MIMO Configurations
Used here MU-MIMO or SU-MIMO only 4 Tx, 2 Rx Next improvement step Combination of MU-MIMO SU-MIMO and
0.5
1 1.5 bit/s/Hz/sector
2.5
45 Mbps
9%
43%
LTE doesnt fulfill the requirements of IMT-Advanced 3GPP has also started work on LTEAdvanced, an evolution of LTE, as a proposal to ITU-R for the development of IMT Advanced. LTE Advanced is envisioned to be the first true 4G technology.
The requirement is defined so that a Release 8 based LTE device can operate in the LTE-Advanced system and, respectively, the Release 10 LTE Advanced device can access the Release 8 LTE networks. Obviously a Release 9 terminal would also be similarly accommodated. This could be covered, for example, with the multicarrier type of alternative. The mobility between LTE-Advanced needs to work with LTE as well as GSM/EDGE, HSPA and cdma2000.
Requirements of
Peak data rates 1Gbps in DL and 500 Mbps in UL Cell edge user data rates twice as high and average user throughput thrice as high as in LTE Peak spectrum efficiency DL: 30 bps/Hz, UL: 15 bps/Hz Operate in flexible spectrum allocations up to 100 MHz and support spectrum aggregation (as BW in DL >>20 MHz) An LTE-Advanced capable network must appear as a LTE network for the LTE UEs
Specification
The ITU-R process aims for early 2011 completion of the ITU-R specifications, which requires 3GPP to submit the first full set of specifications around the end of 2010. This is one of the factors shaping the Release 10 finalization schedule, though officially the Release 10 schedule has not yet been defined in 3GPP, but will be discussed further once Release 9 work has progressed further.
Conclusion
3GPP Long Term Evolution has a large amount of potential to become the technology of the future whose success will definitely guarantee that 3GPP has a significant edge over all its competitors. With LTEAdvanced also adopting SC-FDMA as the uplink technology, SC-FDMA seems to be an important future technology and it is expected that the future would see a lot of research activity in this field.
LTE and LTE Advanced together seem to be very promising in fulfilling all the requirements set forth by ITU for IMT Advanced
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