Introduction To GPRS: RF Engineering Continuing Education & Training

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RF Engineering
Continuing Education & Training
Introduction to GPRS

Page 2 Agilent Restricted GPRS Slides (Rev A).ppt
Class Agenda
Overview of GSM
What is GPRS?
Network Architecture
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Optimization and RF Planning
Traffic Planning
HSCSD, EDGE and 3G Growth Path
Conclusions

Class Agenda
Overview of GSM
Air Interface
Additional Features
What is GPRS?
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Overview of GSM
F1
F2
F3
F4
F1
F2
F3
F4
F2
F1
F2
N=4 Frequency Reuse Concept
Second Generation
Technology
Groupe Speciale Mobile
Developed by ETSI
International wireless standard
Based on the cellular concept
Frequency reuse
implementation
Over 480 million subscribers
GSM900, DCS1800,
PCS1900, R-GSM
100 200 300 400 500 0
GSM
IS-95
IS-136
PDC (Japan)
Analog
Millions of subscribers (Feb 2001)
source: EMC
Series Specification Area
01 General
02 Service Aspects
03 Network Aspects
04 MS-BS Interface and Protocol
05 Physical Layer and the Radio Path
06 Speech Coding Specification
07 Terminal Adapter for MS
08 BS-MSC Interface
09 Network Interworking
10 Service Internetworking
11 Equipment and Type Approval Specs
12 Operation and Maintenance
Overview of GSM
All GSM documents are
standardized by ETSI
Standards are grouped into 12
series
Allows for easy integration of
network elements from different
equipment vendors
Significantly reduces the cost of
the overall network deployment
Overview of GSM - Network Architecture
GSM network can be divided into three main subsystems:
Base Station Subsystem - BSS
Mobile Station Subsystem - MSS
Network Switching Subsystem - NSS

GSM Network Layout
MSC
Area
HLR
MSC
Area
VLR
MSC TRAU BSC
BTS
BTS
BSS
MSC Area
BSS
BSS
BTS
PSTN
PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network
Gateway
MSC
NSS
Overview of GSM - Mobile Station
Keyboard
Control
Display
Transmit Audio
Signal
Processing
Receive Audio
Signal
Processing
Channel
Decoding
Deinterleaving
Message
Regenerator
Channel
Encoding
Interleaving
Message
Generator
Ciphering
Ciphering
RF
Processing
RF
Processing
SIM
Duplexer
Antenna
ANTENNA
ASSEMBLY
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
TRANSCEIVER UNIT
CONTROL
SECTION
Offered as a phone for
voice services
Data services will bring
new devices to the market
Two functional parts:
HW/SW radio
interface
SIM
Two types of SIM
Smart Card
Plug-in
GSM Mobile Architectural Diagram
Overview of GSM - Base Transceiver
Station
BTS is a set of transceivers (TX/RX).
GSM BTS can host up to 16 TX/RX.
In GSM one TX/RX is shared by 8 users.
The main role of TX/RX is to provide
conversion between traffic data on the network
side and RF communication on the MS side.
Depending on the application, it can be
configured as macrocell, microcell, omni,
sectored, etc.
BTS
Overview of GSM - Base Station Controller
Provides a small digital
exchange with some
mobility tasks
Connects to one or several
BTS on the Abis Interface
Connects to the MSC on
the A Interface
Designed to offload most of
the radio link related
processes from the MSC
Provides clock distribution
to BTS
Communicates with the
OMC
Central Module
Switch
Matrix
Database
OMC
OMC - Operation and Maintenance
Center
A
Interface
Towards
MSC
Abis
Interface
Towards
BTS
Overview of GSM - TRAU
TRAU is responsible for
transcoding the user data from
16Kb/sec to standard ISDN
rates of 64Kb/sec.
It can physically reside on
either BSC side or MSC side.

If it resides on the MSC side, it
provides substantial changes in
the backhaul 4 users over a
single T-1/E-1 TDMA channel.
TRAU, BSC and BTSs form
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Overview of GSM - MSC
Responsible for connecting the
mobile to the landline side
GSM MSC is commonly
designed as a regular ISDN
switch with some added
functionality for mobility support
GSM Network can have more
than one MSC

One of the MSC has an added
functionality for communication
with public network Gateway
MSC (GMSC)
All calls from the outside
networks are routed through
GMSC

GSM MSC and Gateway MSC
BTS
BSC MSC GMSC
Overview of GSM - HLR/AuC
Database for permanent or semi-permanent data associated with the
user
Logically, there is only one HLR per network
Typical information stored in HLR: International Mobile Service
Identification Number (IMSI), service subscription information,
supplementary services, current location of the subscriber, etc.
HLR is usually implemented as an integral part of MSC
AUC is an integral part of HLR responsible for ciphering and
encryption.
GSM specifies elaborate encryption schemes.
There are three levels of the encryption:
A5/1 Used by countries in Europe and USA
A5/2 Used by countries and the so called COCOM list
No encryption used by all other countries

Overview of GSM - VLR and EIR
Temporary database that keeps the information about the users within the
service area of the MSC
Usually there is one VLR per MSC
The main task of the VLR is to reduce the number of queries to HLR. When
the mobile, registers on the system its information is copied from HLR to VLR
VLR is usually integrated with the switch
Separation of SIM and mobile opens possibility for market of stolen and
fraudulent equipment.
GSM Systems are equipped with Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
responsible for tracking the equipment eligibility for service.
EIR maintains three lists of mobile terminals:
White list: is the list of approved mobile types.
Black list: list of the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers
that are barred from service.
Gray List: The list of mobiles that are tracked within the GSM system.
Overview of GSM - Interfaces
GSM defines different
interfaces between
two system
components
Allows for multi-
vendor
implementation
Promotes more
competition
Lower costs
Air interface is
limiting in terms of
capacity
Air interface is also
called Um interface
GSM Interfaces
Overview of GSM - Air Interface
GSM is a FDMA/TDMA based
technology
Transmissions are
discontinuous
Each user is assigned a timeslot
Each frequency is divided into
eight timeslots
Each channel has a 200 kHz
bandwidth
Overhead signaling is required
for coordination and control
Information is sent in bursts
Several types of bursts
GSM as a FDMA/TDMA Interface
BTS
USER 1 USER 2 .... USER 8
USER 6 USER 7 USER 8 USER 1
USER 1,
ARFCN
1
USER 2,
ARFCN
1
USER 8,
ARFCN
1
USER 9,
ARFCN
2
USER 10,
ARFCN
2
USER 16,
ARFCN
2
ARFCN
1
ARFCN
2
Overview of GSM - Burst Types
Tail Traffic/Signaling Flag Training Sequence Flag Traffic/Signaling Tail
3 57 1 26 1 57 3
Tail Synchronization Training Sequence Synchronization Tail
3 3 39 39 64
Used to carry information on both control and traffic channels
Mixture of data and overhead
GSM defines 8 training sequences assigned in color code mode
Both on the forward and reverse link
Facilitates the synchronization of the MS to the network at the base
band
Commonly referred to as S-burst
Only on the forward link
The same sync sequence is used in all GSM networks
Synchronization Burst
Normal Burst
Used when the MS is accessing the
system
Shorter in length burst collision
avoidance
Extended synchronization sequence
Used only on the reverse link
Supports MAHO
Used to ensure constant power level of the broadcast control channel
Dummy Burst
Access Burst
Tail Predefined Bit Sequence Tail
3 3
142
Tail Synchronization Access Bits Tail
8 41 36 3
GSM mobiles use slotted
ALOHA to access the
system
In the case of collision
a hashing algorithm is
provided
Sometimes referred to as the
F-burst
Provides mobile with precise
reference to the frequency of
the broadcast control channel
Inserting the F-bursts on the
control channel produces
spectral peak 67.7 KHz above
the central frequency of the
carrier
Spectral characteristics of the
control channel.
The peak in the spectrum
allows for easier MS network
acquisition
Tail Fixed Bit Sequence (All zeros) Tail
3 3
142
f
c
f
c
+67.7 KHz frequency
Power Spectrum Density
BW = 200KHz
Overview of GSM - Physical Channels
Group Name Function Fwd.
Link
Rev.
Link
BCCH Broadcast control Yes No
FCCH Frequency correction Yes No
BCH
SCH Synchronization Yes No
PCH Paging Yes No
AGCH Access Grant Yes No
CCCH
RACH Random Access No Yes
SDCCH Standalone dedicated control Yes Yes
SAACH Slow-associated control Yes Yes
DCCH
FACCH Fast-associated control Yes Yes
TCH TCH Traffic data and voice Yes Yes
A GSM physical channel can carry several different types of logical
channels
Can be divided into two categories: traffic and signaling
Signaling channels can be further categorized as:
Broadcast
Common Control
Dedicated Control
Overview of GSM - Frame Hierarchy
Different organization on the superframe level for different logical
channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21 22 23 24 25
1 TDMA Frame
4.615 ms
26 Multiframe
120 ms
51 Multiframe
235.4 ms
51 x 26 Superframe or 26 x 51 Superframe
6s 120 ms
Hyperframe
3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms
0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 46 47 48 49 50
0 1 2 3 4 23 24 25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Overview of GSM - Additional Features
GSM supports additional features that enable a better spectrum
utilization and increased capacity:
Timing Advance - TA
Discontinuous Transmission - DTX
Mobile Assisted Handover - MAHO
Dynamic Power Control - DPC
Hierarchical Cell Structure - HCS
Frequency Hopping - FH
Intracell handovers
Overview of GSM - Quiz!
Name some of the components of the GSM architecture and briefly
explain their function
What are the different types of bursts?
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
What are the different types of logical channels ?
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________

Class Agenda
Overview of GSM
What is GPRS?
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Traffic Planning
HSCSD, EDGE, and 3G Growth Path
What is GPRS?
9.6
19.2
56
128
GSM IS-95 CDMA Analog Modem ISDN
9.6
57.6
160
384
GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE
2G technologies were designed for
mobile telephony
Landline services have higher data
rates than wireless counterparts
Next step: mobile wireless data
services
GPRS: General Packet Radio
Service
GSM has distinctive approach
towards 3G
Intermediate step refers to as 2.5 G
Allows for smooth transition from
voice to data services
Maintain upgrade costs to a
minimum
What is GPRS?
Source: Ericssons Web Site Oct-00
S
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s

(
M
)

0
900
300
600
96 98 00 02 03
In voice networks, RF is the main limiting factor. In data
networks, RF and many other factors will affect the performance
for individual users
Fixed network infrastructure performance
Types of applications and service provision
Number of users active in an area
What is GPRS? - Circuit vs Packet Switch
2G technologies are circuit
switched
Dial-up type connections
A single user occupies a
channel for the entire
transmission
Requires time-oriented billing
GSM transmissions are bursty
Bursty nature favors data
services

GPRS is packet switched
technology
More appropriate for data
services
Continuous flow is not required
Access is based on demand
only
Several users can be
multiplexed
Billing based on negotiated
QoS and usage

What is GPRS? - Types of Data Services
9.6
128
1500
SMS WWW Audio Video
128
Most popular Internet data
applications include:
E-mail
Web browsing
File transfers
Real time audio
Streaming video
Different services have different
throughput requirements
GSM evolution is expected to
provide services at throughputs
similar to their landline
counterparts
What is GPRS? - A 2.5 G Solution
GPRS is a 2.5 G solution implemented over existing GSM network
Theoretical data rates are up to 160 kbps
GPRS makes a more efficient use of the air interface
Supports point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transmissions
GPRS will take over short message service (SMS) from GSM
signaling channels
New QoS parameters:
Precedence
Reliability
Delay
Throughput
What is GPRS? - Important Challenges
There are several hardware and software
limitations that will decrease the expected data
rates significantly
Mobile data will impose a demand for more IP
addresses. The existing version of IP is
already reaching saturation
The idea that the market will accept mobile
data service with eagerness is still somewhat
questionable
The 3G standards are already finalized and
implementation will follow shortly after 2.5 G
Class Agenda
Overview of GSM
What is GPRS?
SGSN, GGSN
GR, PCU
Mobile Station
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
GPRS Network Architecture
GPRS introduces new entities to support data packet
transmissions
New entities are PCU, GSN, Border Gateway, and GPRS
register
GPRS Network Architecture
GPRS Network Architecture - SGSN
SGSN PCU
BSS
BSS
BSS
SGSN PCU
SGSN PCU
GGSN
Serving GPRS support node
Delivers data packets to the mobile
stations
Each SGSN is assigned to a specific
service area
Allows for very little change in the
BTS and BSC

All mobile stations communicate to the SGSN in the area
Provides authentication and ciphering
Handles mobility management
Introduction of the routing area - RA
Also responsible for billing over the air interface
GPRS Network Architecture - GGSN
GGSN
GGSN GGSN
PDN
PDN
PLMN
PDN
Gateway GPRS support node
Allows the GPRS network to
communicate with external PDNs
Routes all packet data units through
the corresponding SGSN
Whereas the SGSNs can change
during cell reselections, the GGSN
remains the same during an ongoing
packet transaction
Supports PTP and PTM
transmissions
Responsible for billing related to
connections with external PDNs
GPRS Network Architecture - GR and PCU
GPRS Register
Database containing information about GPRS subscribers
Packet Control Unit
Manages and controls radio-related operations
Converts frames coming from the SGSN into TRAU frames
Compresses and decompresses frames
PCU allows very few modifications to the BSS

GPRS Network Architecture - PCU
Locations
Possibilities for location are similar to the TRAU
From the resource utilization perspective, the best location for the
PCU is at the SGSN
Conceptually, PCU still remains a part of the BSC
GPRS Network Architecture - Border
Gateway
Foreign
PLMN
BG BG GGSN GGSN
Home
PLMN
Risk from hackers in external PLMNs
Protect subscribers from security break-ins
Border Gateway is implemented to provide a maximum level of
security
Acts as a firewall to the GPRS network
No guidelines for protection at the Gi interface
Gi security is left open to equipment manufacturers
GPRS
Class
Type
GSM and GPRS
Simultaneously
GSM or GPRS
Sequentially
GSM Only
GPRS Only
Class A Yes Yes Yes
Class B No Yes Yes
Class C No No Yes
GPRS standard defines three mobile station classes
Class A supports simultaneous circuit and packet switched
communications
Class B supports packet and circuit switched sequentially
Currently only Class B mobiles being developed
Class C does not support parallel operation
Operates in either packet or circuit mode only
Low cost unit available for mass market deployment
GPRS Network Architecture - GSM and
GPRS
GPRS Network Architecture - Quiz!
Name some of the components of the GPRS architecture and briefly
explain their function
What are two types of GSNs?
_______________
_______________
What are the different types of mobile classes ?
_______________
_______________
_______________
Which component allows for few changes at the BSS?
_______________

Class Agenda
What is GPRS?
Protocol Stack
OSI/ISO Model
GPRS Protocol Stack
GTP
SNDCP and BSSGP
RLC/MAC and LLC
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
GPRS Protocol Stack - ISO/OSI Model
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Presentation
Layer
Physical Layer
Application
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Presentation
Layer
Physical Layer
Application
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Node A Node B Node C
peer-to-peer protocol
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and International
Standardization Organization (ISO) developed Open Systems
Interconnect (OSI)
Allows for compatibility between different equipment manufacturers
GPRS Protocol Stack - ISO/OSI Model
Node A Node C
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
2 3 4 5 6 7 Info
Info
2
3
4
5
6 7
7 Info
Info
6 7 Info
5 6 7 Info
4 5 6 7 Info
5 4 5 6 7 Info
6 5 4 5 6 7 Info 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6 7
7 Info
Info
6 7 Info
5 6 7 Info
4 5 6 7 Info
3 4 5 6 7 Info
2 3 4 5 6 7 Info 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Info
Each layer adds its own
header to the message
Same layer at destination
node removes its
corresponding header
Physical layer delivers
message from one node to
the next
In GSM, layer 1
corresponds to the air
interface
GPRS layers fall between
OSI layers 2 and 3

GPRS Protocol Stack
GPRS Protocol Stack - GTP
GPRS Tunneling protocol
Allows communication between the GGSN and SGSN
Data transfer is done via encapsulation and tunneling
GTP header includes such as PDU type, QoS parameters, and
tunnel identifier (TID)
TID differentiates PTP from PTM transactions
GTP PDU
N PDU
TCP/IP
Header
User Data
Network Layer
GTP Layer
GTP
Header
TID User Data
GPRS Protocol Stack - SNDCP & BSSGP
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
Makes GPRS network transparent to the common subscriber regardless of
what application is running
Responsible for converting network packet data units into GPRS suitable
format
Multiplexing of SN packet data units over the LLC layer
Segmentation and Desegmentation of SN packets into LLC packets
Compression of the IP header information
Base Station Subsystem GPRS
Protocol
Routing between SGSN and PCU
Provide radio related info for
RLC/MAC
Routing goes via Network Relay
Transparent transfer of LLC frames
Convey QoS information

TCP/IP
Header
User Data
Network Layer
SNDCP Layer
SN-PDU
Header
Compressed Information Tail
SN-PDU
Header
GPRS Protocol Stack - LLC
Logical Link Control
Provides a logical reliable link between MS and SGSN
Designed as independent as possible from the radio interface layers
Encapsulation of SNDCP packet data units
Ciphering procedures between MS and SGSN
Detection and recovery of lost LLC packet data units
Responsible for acknowledged/unacknowledged operation
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks
SNDCP Layer
SN-PDU
Header
SN-PDU
Header
FCS
LLC Layer
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
GPRS Protocol Stack - RLC / MAC
RLC sublayer
Transmission of data blocks across the air interface
Retransmission of error data blocks using ARQ
MAC sublayer
Provides access to a given transmission medium
Controls access signaling, medium sharing by multiple users
Release operations over the radio channel
Access is based on slotted ALOHA
Performs mapping of RLC blocks onto the GSM physical channels
PC PC T T
RLC
Header
RLC/MAC Signaling
Information
USF BCS USF BCS
RLC/MAC
Layer
RLC Data
RLC Data Block RLC/MAC Signaling Block
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
LLC Layer
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
GPRS Coding Schemes
GPRS defines four coding
schemes
Only CS-1 is mandatory for the
BTS
All coding schemes are
mandatory for the MS
The higher the coding scheme,
the higher the throughput
The higher the throughput, the
lower protection against errors
RLC
Header
RLC Data
160 Data Bits (depends on size RLC header) s
RLC
Header
RLC Data
240 Data Bits (depends on size RLC header)
RLC
Header
RLC Data
RLC
Header
RLC Data
s
s
s
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 8 TS
CS-1 9.05 kbps 18.1 kbps 27.15 kbps 36.2 kbps 72.4 kbps
GPRS Radio Block Structure
A packet transmission
is referred to as a
temporary block flow
(TBF)
Each TBF is assigned a
temporary flow identity
(TFI)
The TFI is located
inside the LLC header
information
The TFI allows for
multiplexing several
users over the same
timeslot
The TFI also allows to
assign priority classes
PC PC
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
Normal
Burst
T T
RLC
Header
RLC/MAC Signaling
Information
USF BCS USF BCS
Network Layer
SNDCP Layer
LLC Layer
RLC/MAC
Layer
RF Layer
RLC Data
approx 1.6 KB
1.5 KB or less
20 - 50 bytes
4 x 114 bits
RLC Data Block RLC/MAC Signaling Block
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
Frame
Header
Radio Blocks FCS
SN-PDU
Header
SN-PDU
Header
TCP/IP
Header
User Data
Protocol Stack - Quiz!
Mention the seven different layers of the ISO/OSI reference model:
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________
The GPRS protocol stack consists of the following protocols
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________, _______________
The maximum throughput achieved using CS-2 and two timeslots is:
_______________
Different packet transactions from different users can be identified via
the
_______________

Class Agenda
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
GPRS Logical Channels
The Master Slave Concept
The 52-Multiframe
Timing Advance
Power Control
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
GPRS Air Interface
Air interface continues to be
limiting factor in terms of capacity
GPRS shares the same interface
with GSM
Recall GSM has 200 kHz and eight
TS
GPRS utilizes multiplexing and
dynamic channel allocation to use
the air interface more efficiently
Some channels can be configured
for data traffic and others for voice
traffic
Channels are reconfigured
accordingly based on demand
GPRS Air Interface
Physical
Layer
MAC
RLC
RFL
MAC
RLC
MS BSS
RLC - Radio Link Control
MAC - Medium Access Control
RFL - Radio Frequency Link
MS - Mobile Station
BSS - Base Station Subsystem
GPRS Logical Channels
Signaling and traffic channels are also required for GPRS
A new family of packet data channels PDCHs has been defined
Some of the existing GSM signaling channels can still be used for
GPRS
The GPRS mobile still requires to listen to the GSM broadcast
channel for GPRS channel information
Group Channel Direction Function
PBCH PBCCH FL Broadcast
PPCH FL Paging
PRACH RL Random Access
PAGCH FL Access Grant
PCCCH
PNCH FL Group Notification
PDTCH FL / RL Traffic
PACCH FL / RL Associated Control
PTCH
PTCCH FL / RL Timing Advance
GPRS 52-Multiframe
Each radio block is transmitted over 4 TDMA frames
Resource allocation is done in terms of blocks for both uplink and
downlink
A 52-Multiframe consists of:
twelve blocks for PDCHs signaling and traffic
two timing advance frames
two idle frames (for neighbor list and power control)
12 x 4 +2 + 2 = 52 frames
0
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2
T
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 I
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Block 6 Block 7 Block 8
T
A
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Block 9 Block 10 Block 11 I
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
TA - Timing Alignment Frame
I - Idle Frame
GPRS 52-Multiframe
The PDCHs are mapped and organized into a 52-Multiframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21 22 23 24 25.5
0 1 2 3 4 49 50 51
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21 22 23 24 25
1 TDMA Frame
4.615 ms
26 Multiframe
120 ms
51 Multiframe
235.4 ms
Hyperframe
3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms
0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 46 47 48 49 50
0 1 2 3 4 23 24 25
52 Multiframe
240 ms
51 x 26 Superframe or 26 x 51 Superframe or 25.5 x 52 Superframe
6s 120 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GPRS Master-Slave Concept
BCCH CCCH
TS
Option 1 (use all PDCHs)
Option 2 (use BCCH or PBCCH)
Option 3 (use BCCH, CCCH or PBCCH, PCCCH)
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH I PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH I
PCCCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH I PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH I
PBCCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PCCCH I PCCCH PDTCH PDTCH
T
A
PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH I
2
4
6
3
5
7
1
0
One physical channel
(frequency and timeslot) can
be used for signaling and
control
Remaining channels are
used for GPRS traffic
channels - PDTCHs
If no master channels are
used, GPRS will rely on
GSM signaling channels
As demand for voice
increases, slave channels
can be released
If Master PDCH is released,
mobiles must retune to GSM
broadcast channel
Master Slave Concept
GPRS Timing Advance - Uplink
0
1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11
12 13
14 15
8 x 52-multiframe = 416 frames
TAI = 0 - 15
The PTCCH/U is divided into 16
subchannels with eight 52-
multiframes
The 16 subchannels can be
assigned to 16 different active
mobile stations
Every PTCCH/U has a cycle of 1.92
s
Active mobile stations will transmit
one access burst with TA=0 to the
BTS once per eight 52-multiframes
within their subchannel
Based on the PTCCH/U message,
the BTS can recalculate the timing
advance value
GPRS Timing Advance - Downlink
One TA message in 4 normal bursts
for up to 16 MS
0 1
3 4
Each mobile is assigned a timing advance index (TAI) value via the
PTCCH/D
The TA message sent on the downlink can convey timing advance
information for up to 16 mobile stations
The timing advance message contains the TAI values associated with
each mobile station
Since the message requires 4 frames, it is carried within four
consecutive TA frames
GPRS Timing Advance - Example
Example: An uplink temporary block flow (TBF) is
initiated between a mobile station and a serving base
station. The total file size is 80 kilobits and is transmitted
using CS-1. The base station assigns the mobile station
a timing advance index (TAI = 3). Assuming a constant
data rate and no block retransmissions, how many timing
advance messages are required from the mobile during
this transmission.
1 frame =
1 block =
A 52-multiframe =
Time between identical TAIs =
Total transmission time =
Number of timing advances =
GPRS Power Control - MS Power Classes
Class Max Power
(dBm)
Min Power
(dBm)
Power
Increments
2 39 5 18
3 37 5 17
4 33 5 15
5 29 5 13
Class Max Power
(dBm)
Min Power
(dBm)
Power
Increments
1 30 0 16
2 24 0 13
3 36 0 19
Power control is used to minimize the transmit power and still
maintain a reliable link
GSM power control is done by the BTS based on RXLEV and
RXQUAL
GPRS power control is performed by the mobile based on several
parameters including:
Maximum allowed Tx power
Received Signal Level - RSL
Mobile station power class
Several mobile station power
classes have been defined for
GSM 900 and DCS 1800
respectively
Mobile Station Power Class GSM 900
Mobile Station Power Class DCS 1800
GPRS Power Control - Power Control
Calculation
The formula for power control calculation as defined by ETSI (GSM
03.64 version 8.50)
) ), 48 ( min( max
0
P C Pch
CH
+ I I = o
I
0
= 39 dBm for GSM 900 and 36 dBm for DCS 1800
I
CH
= mobile and channel specific power control parameter. It is sent to the mobile in any
resource assignment message. The values range from 0 to 62 dB in 2 dB increments
based on interference measurements of the BTS. At any time during a packet transfer,
the network can send new ICH values to the mobile on the downlink PACCH
o e |0,1| = is a system parameter. Its default value is broadcast on the PBCCH.
Furthermore, the mobile and channel specific values can be sent to the mobile together
with I
CH

C = received signal level at the mobile
Pmax = maximum allowed transmit power in the cell

GPRS Power Control - Example
A GSM-1800 Class 3 mobile station is engaged in power
control. The network parameters are o=0.5, and I
CH
= 4.
The mobile reported C is 85dBm. What is the transmit
power Pch ?
) ), 48 ( min( max
0
P C Pch
CH
+ I I = o
Air Interface - Quiz!
What are the different types of GPRS logical channels ?
_______________
_______________, _______________, _______________
_______________, _______________, _______________
GPRS packet data channels are mapped onto a new structure called
________________
The Uplink PTCCH is divided into _____ subchannels
One timing advance message on the downlink is transmitted over
_____ normal bursts and contains a timing advance index for up to
_____ users
In GSM, power control is done at the ____________. In GPRS,
power control is done at the _____________.

Class Agenda
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Mobility Management States
GPRS Attach
Mobile Originated Transfer
Mobile Terminated Transfer
Cell Selection/Reselection
Quality of Service
GPRS Mobility Management States
Mobility management states
apply for both the mobile and
the SGSN
Idle: Mobile is powered on but
not attached to GPRS
Standby: Mobile is powered on
and attached to GPRS. No
packet transfer is in progress.
Routing area updates are sent
as needed.
Ready: The mobile is currently
engaged in packet transfer or
recently terminated a packet
transfer. The Ready state is
determined by a timer. No
need to page a mobile in
Ready state
GPRS Mobility Management States for MS
Idle
Ready
Standby
Ready-Timer
Expiry
PDU
Transfer
GPRS
Detach
GPRS
Attach
PDU
Transfer
GPRS Attach Process
Process of registration of the mobile into the GPRS network
Occurs when mobile is first powered on and can occur afterwards
based on network settings
Mobile registers directly with the SGSN
Information Exchanged
IMSI or P-TMSI
TLLI
RA, LA
Power class mark
Type of
registration
(GSM, GPRS)
Authentication
Ciphering
GPRS PDP Context Activation
The mobile need to activate a packet data protocol context before it
can transmit or receive information
GPRS Mobile Originated Transfer
A mobile initiates a transfer on
the random access channel
RACH or PRACH
One phase access: Network
provides immediate packet
channel assignment message
with reserved PDTCHs for
uplink
Two phase access: Network
provides immediate packet
channel assignment message
with only one single radio block
reservation. Mobile sends a
more detailed packet resource
request. Network responds with
message that contains reserved
resources
GPRS - TFI, USF and CV
Downlink
Block 0
Not Used
Block 1
Not Used
Block 2
MS 2
T
A
Block 3
MS 2
Block 4
MS 1
Block 5
MS 1
I
Block 6
MS 1
Block 7
MS 1
Block 8
MS 3
T
A
Block 9
MS 3
Block 10
MS 3
Block 11
MS 4
I
Block 0
PBCCH
Block 1
USF 2/1
Block 2
USF 2/1
T
A
Block 3
USF 1/4
Block 4
USF FREE
Block 5
USF FREE
I
Block 6
USF FREE
Block 7
USF 3/1
Block 8
USF 3/1
T
A
Block 9
USF 3/1
Block 10
USF 4/1
Block 11
USF 7
I
Uplink
Temporary flow identity (TFI) and uplink state flag (USF) allow for
multiplexing of several users on downlink and uplink directions
respectively
TFI is a 5-bit header that uniquely identifies a packet data transfer
(TBF)
The same TFI can be assigned to different PDCHs on the uplink and
downlink
USF is a 3-bit value (000 to 111), where 000 indicates FREE
Each mobile listens to its assigned USF on the downlink and will
transmit one or up to four blocks on the uplink depending on the
amount of reserved blocks
Uplink also contains a countdown value (CV) to indicate blocks
remaining
GPRS Acknowledged/Unacknowledged
Mode
RLC layer can be set to mode of
operation
Unacknowledged mode offers no
means for error detection
Acknowledged mode uses ARQ for
error detection
Message type ACK/NACK contains
a bitmap of received blocks
(UL/DL)
Recipient sends ACK/NACK
message after receiving a packet
transfer
Correct blocks are 1, incorrect
blocks are 0
Erroneous blocks are retransmitted

GPRS Mobility Management States
GPRS Mobile Terminated Transfer/Cell
Reselection
Mobile terminated transfer
The Countdown Value is used on the uplink to determine the end of
a TBF
The Final Block Indicator is used in the downlink to indicate the end
of a TBF
Cell reselection
There are no handovers in GPRS, mobile performs cell reselection
In GSM, cell reselections are performed when mobile is in idle
mode
GSM uses C1 and C2 algorithms for cell reselection
GPRS Cell reselections can be network or mobile controlled
GPRS uses C31 and C32 algorithms for cell reselection
C31 is based on selecting the best GPRS server in the area
C32 allows for cell ranking when HCS is implemented
C31 and C32 allow for a more efficient cell planning of GPRS
networks
There are three modes of operation for cell reselection: NC0, NC1
and NC2
Mobility Management - Quiz!
What are the different mobility management states ?
_______________, _______________, _______________
In order to register to the GPRS network, the mobile station must
perform a ________________
In order to engage in a packet transfer, the mobile station must
perform a ________________
The two options for mobile originated transfer are:
__________________
__________________
For downlink multiplexing, the ________ is used
For uplink multiplexing, the ________ is used
Errors in transmitted blocks are notified to the transmitting party via
the _____

Class Agenda
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Precedence Class
Throughput
Delay Class
Reliability Class
Traffic Planning
Quality of Service - Precedence Class
Precedence
Precedence
Name
Interpretation
1 High Priority
Service commitments shall be maintained ahead of
precedence classes 2 and 3
2 Normal Priority
Service commitments shall be maintained ahead of
precedence class 3
3 Low Priority
Service commitments shall be maintained after
precedence classes 1 and 2
Under normal network conditions, all users have equal access.
During network congestion, users with a higher priority level shall be
served before users with a lower priority
A user with lower priority will suffer higher delay times and packet
losses
Three precedence class are defined
Quality of Service - Peak Throughput
Peak throughput refers to the
maximum data rate for
packets to be transferred
across the network
There is no guarantee that this
maximum data rate can be
achieved or sustained for any
time period
Peak throughput is measured
in octets per second
Values are shown in bits per
second for easier clarification
Network may limit the
subscriber to the negotiated
peak throughput regardless of
additional capacity
Peak Throughput
Class
Peak Throughput
(octets per second)
1 Up to 1,000 (8 kbps)
2 Up to 2,000 (16 kbps)
3 Up to 4,000 (32 kbps)
4 Up to 8,000 (64 kbps)
5 Up to 16,000 (128 kbps)
6 Up to 32,000 (256 kbps)
7 Up to 64,000 (512 kbps)
8 Up to 128,000 (1024 kbps)
9 Up to 256,000 (2048 kbps)
Quality of Service - Mean Throughput
Mean Throughput
Class
Mean Throughput
(octets per hour)
1 Best effort
2 100 (~0.22 bps)
3 200 (~0.44 bps)
4 500 (~1.11 bps)
5 1,000 (~2.2 bps)
6 2,000 (~4.4 bps)
7 5,000 (~11.1 bps)
8 10,000 (~22 bps)
9 20,000 (~44 bps)
10 50,000 (~111 bps)
11 100,000 (~0.22 kbps)
12 200,000 (~0.44 kbps)
13 500,000 (~1.11 kbps)
14 1,000,000 (~2.2 kbps)
15 2,000,000 (~4.4 kbps)
16 5,000,000 (~11.1 kbps)
17 10,000,000 (~22 kbps)
18 20,000,000 (~44 kbps)
19 50,000,000 (111 kbps)
Average rate at which data
is expected to be
transferred across the
GPRS network
Measured in octets per
hour
Displayed in bits per
second for easier
clarification
GPRS network may limit
the subscriber to the mean
throughput regardless of
additional capacity
A best effort throughput
can be negotiated based
on need and availability
Quality of Service - Delay
Delay (maximum values)
SDU size: 128 octets SDU size: 1024 octets
Delay Class Mean Transfer
Delay
(sec)
95 percentile
Delay
(sec)
Mean Transfer
Delay
(sec)
95 percentile
Delay
(sec)
1.(Predictive) < 0.5 < 1.5 < 2 < 7
2.(Predictive) < 5 < 25 < 15 < 75
3.(Predictive) < 50 < 250 < 75 < 375
4.(Best Effort) Unspecified
ETSI has defined the maximum values for mean delay and 95
percentile delay that a packet may encounter while transferred over
the GPRS network
Delay class does not include delays caused by networks outside the
PLMN
Delay is defined based on the transfer of a service data unit (SDU)
Two SDU sizes are specified: 128 octets and 1024 octets

Quality of Service - Reliability
Reliability
Class
GTP Mode
LLC Frame
Mode
LLC Data
Protection
RLC Block
Mode
Traffic Type
1 Acknowledged Acknowledged Protected Acknowledged
Non real-time
traffic, error
sensitive
application that
cannot cope with
data loss
2 Unacknowledged Acknowledged Protected Acknowledged
Non real-time
traffic, error-
sensitive that can
cope with
infrequent data
loss
3 Unacknowledged Unacknowledged Protected Acknowledged
Non real-time
traffic, error
sensitive
application that
can cope with
data loss,
GMM/SM, and
SMS
4 Unacknowledged Unacknowledged Protected Unacknowledged
Real-time traffic,
error-sensitive
application that
can cope with
data loss
5 Unacknowledged Unacknowledged Unprotected Unacknowledged
Real-time traffic,
error non-
sensitive
application that
can cope with
data loss
Quality of Service - Reliability
Reliability
Class
Probability
of Lost
Packets
Probability
of Duplicate
Packets
Probability
of Out of
Sequence
Packets
Probability
of Corrupt
Packets
Example of Application
Characteristics
1 10e 9 10e 9 10e 9 10e 9
Error sensitive, no error
correction capability, limited
error tolerance capacity
2 10e 4 10e 5 10e 5 10e 6
Error sensitive, limited error
correction capability, good
error tolerance capacity
3 10e 2 10e 5 10e 5 10e 2
Not error sensitive, error
correction capability and/or
very good error tolerance
Reliability class defines the probability of:
Loss packets
Out of sequence packets
Duplicate packets
Corrupted packets
Class Agenda
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
GSM Metrics
GPRS Metrics
Measurement Model
RF Performance, Signal Quality, Data Performance
Traffic Planning
Conclusions
Network Optimization Process
Identify RF and fixed network parameters that impact network
performance
RxLev
RxQual
BCH Pwr
BLER
C/I
Throughput
Packet Delay
Re-Connects
DNS Lookup
Packet Failure
Drive
Test
Data
Problem
Problem
ID
RF
Problem
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
i
o
n
s
GSM Metrics - RXLEV and RXQUAL
Reported as a quantized value RXLEV: RXLEV = RSL[dBm] + 110
Minimum RXLEV: -110, MAX RXLEV = -47
Downlink measurements for both serving cell and up to 32 neighbors
Up to 6 strongest neighbors are reported back to BTS through
SACHH
Only on the serving channel
Reported as a quantized value
RXQUAL
For a good quality call RXQUAL <
3
Measurements are averaged
before the handover processing
If DTX is active, the measurements
are performed over the subset of
SACCH that guarantees
transmission
RXQUAL BER
0 Less than 0.2
1 0.2 to 0.4
2 0.4 to 0.8
3 0.8 to 1.6
4 1.6 to 3.2
5 3.2 to 6.4
6 6.4 to 12.8
7 Above 12.8
GSM Metrics - C/I, Neighbor Lists and Call
Stats
| | dB log 10 /
1
_
_ _
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
N
i
i R
Cell Serving R
P
P
I C
Co-channel: Undesirable signal attributed to reuse of the same
frequency
Adjacent: Undesirable signal attributed to bleed over from frequency
components
Neighbor lists: Assigned based on strongest signals for handover
purposes
Call Statistics:
Dropped Calls
Blocked Calls
GPRS Metrics - Throughput
Rate at which data is transferred in either uplink or downlink (kbps)
Can be measured as raw or effective
Different applications require different throughputs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
TX Throughput RX Throughput
GPRS Metrics - Throughput Example
A downlink TBF has been negotiated using CS-2.
Calculate the effective throughput if the negotiated
reliability is Class 1, assuming that the probability of
retransmitted blocks is 40%. Also calculate the raw
throughput if the negotiated reliability class is Class 4 (no
error protection). Refer to Section for the reliability
classes.
0
)] (Re 1 [ R p R
TX TX
=
GPRS Metrics - Reliability
SDU Status Problem Solution
Lost
Retransmissions at the application
layer that result in a decrease in
throughput and an increase in
delay
1. Optimize the coding scheme
allocations
2. Optimize the RF link
performance
Corrupt
Errors in data transmissions that
can produce billing discrepancies
1. Optimize the reliability class
assignments
2. Optimize the RF link quality
Out-of-sequence
The application layer must
reorganize SDUs, increasing its
processing time. This will result
in increased delay
1. Optimize the routing paths
and network node buffers
Duplicate
The application layer must correct
for duplicate SDUs, increasing its
processing time. This will result
in increased delay
1. Identify layer or interface
generating duplicates and
troubleshoot
ETSI reliability classes allow the engineer to benchmark performance
against different types of applications
Optimizing the RF link is first step towards correcting packets
Duplicate packets are usually due to problems in the IP network
GPRS Metrics - Reliability
Drive test measurement equipment can easily compute the probability
of blocks in error (BLER) received by a mobile
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Time
C

V
a
l
u
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
B
L
E
R
C Value Rx BLER
GPRS Metrics - Delay
Delay is specified for two SDU sizes: 128 octets and 1024 octets
Smaller SDUs travel faster and with less delay than larger SDUs
A good method to measure delay is by configuring a test server at the
Gi interface and timestamp each SDU with GPS measurements
Delay can also be computed from any other node inside or outside
the PLMN
GPRS Measurement Model
Measurement Model
Data
Performance
Signal Quality
RF
Performance
Application
Layer
GPRS Layers
Test Mobile
Reports
RF Scanning
Receiver
Data Performance:
Application layer end-to-end tests
GPRS Layers information collected by the phone
Signal Quality: Phone reported parameters
RF Performance: Scanning Receiver
Application
Layer
End-to-End Data Performance
GPRS Layers
Physical Layer
Application
Layer
GPRS Layers
Physical Layer
GPRS Layers Data Performance
RF Link Quality Performance
Hierarchical layer diagram based on ISO/OSI reference model
Collected measured data can be post-process and analyzed with
commercial tools
Agilent OPAS 32 Post-processing and analysis tool
Shows uplink &
downlink application
layer throughput along
with coding schemes in
use for each link
GPRS Measurements - BLER versus C/I
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
C/I
B
L
E
R
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
Block Error Rate (BLER) can be directly tied to the quality of the RF
link, typically measured in terms of C/I
GPRS Measurements - BLER Example
Calculate the effective Rx throughput for a mobile station
that operates under C/I of 10dB and uses coding scheme
CS-1. How long will it take to download a 150Kb data
file?
0
)] ( 1 [ R BLER p R
RX
=
Total Download Time =
GPRS Measurements - Signal Quality
Layer 1
Radio
Resource
(RR Info)
RLC / MAC
Layer
LLC / SNDCP
Layers
GMM / SM
Information
BCCH TCH - ARFCN Multislot Class
Ack/Unack
Mode
Service State
(Idle, Standby,
Ready)
BSIC MAIO
Number of
Timeslots
SAPI
P-TMSI, TLLI
values
RXQUAL HSN MS Output Power Ciphering Info
Routing Area
Identifier
RXLEV MA List Ack/Unack Mode
Header
Compression
SM state
(PDP active,
inactive, etc.)
Timing
Advance
Coding Scheme
Data
Compression
Tx Power TFI number
Neighbors TBF status
Phone reported measurements include Layer 1, Layer 2 and Layer 3
parameters
Provide valuable information about the performance of the network
GPRS Measurements - Drive Test Tool
Commercial GPRS tools can collect most GPRS related information
Agilent E7475 GPRS Drive Test Software
GPRS Measurements - Data Performance
Type of service Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Delay Tolerance Low High Medium High
Jitter Tolerance Low Low Medium High
Data rate
requirement
Small to large High Low to medium Low
Data symmetry Symmetrical Asymmetrical Asymmetrical Asymmetrical
Reliability
Tolerance
High High Low Low
Typical
Applications
Circuit switched
telephony
Audio-video
broadcasting
E-commerce
and WWW
File transfer
and e-mail
GPRS measurements provide information below the application layer
and allows the engineer to detect the cause of problems that are
hidden to the user
Application layer measurements describe the performance that the
user perceives depending on the application being tested
Real-time applications can be simulated and tested
GPRS Measurements - End-to-End
Process
End-to-end test process is best approach towards measuring
performance at the application layer
Client - Server configuration
On the uplink, the mobile sends packets over the GPRS network. A
test server measures the performance and reports results back to the
mobile
On the downlink, the test server sends packets over the GPRS
network. The test mobile measures performance and stores the
results

GPRS Network Optimization Challenges
GPRS deployment is still in its beginning
stages
Many questions regarding the performance
metrics are yet to be answered
As networks grow and more solutions arise a
more defined methodology will be developed
As of today, GPRS radios are not capable of
frequency hopping
Many GSM networks are already suffering
congestion problems with voice traffic. GPRS
will add more to the problem
Today only Class B mobiles are available
commercially
Only coding schemes 1 and 2 are being
implemented in trials

Sagem OT 96MGPRS
Motorola GPRS Timeport
Network Optimization - Quiz!
What are some GSM performance metrics ?
_______________, _______________, _______________
What are some GPRS performance metrics?
______________,________________,________________
Packets in error can be
______________
______________
______________
______________
The GPRS measurement model tests for
______________
______________
______________
Class Agenda
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Traffic Planning
Estimation of GPRS Data Capacity
Conclusions
Traffic Planning in GPRS
GPRS over GSM creates a mixture of traffic types - voice & data
Peak combined traffic does not necessarily coincide with either voice
or data busy hour
Total traffic
Data traffic
Voice traffic
Total peak traffic
Peak voice traffic
Peak data traffic
Time
Traffic volume
Proper dimensioning of GPRS over GSM requires:
Peak circuit switched traffic in erlangs
Peak data traffic in Kb/sec
Circuit switched traffic load during total peak
Packet switched traffic load during total peak
Coding scheme usage depends on quality of radio channel
The lower the coding scheme the higher the protection
Traffic dimensioning assumes high loading and high interference,
therefore CS-1 is used for estimates
Coding Scheme Code type [15] Data rate [Kb/sec]
CS-1 1/2 convolutional 9.05
CS-4 no coding 21.4
Traffic Planning in GPRS - Example
Consider a GSM/GPRS base station designed to support the
aggregate data throughput of 40Kb/sec using coding scheme CS-1.
Assume that 50% of users with the cell site's coverage area operate
under favorable RF conditions that allow them to use coding scheme
CS-2. Estimate the aggregate throughput that can be supported by
the base station.

The aggregate throughput can be calculated as:
| | Kb/sec _________ =
agg
R
A GSM radio can hold eight timeslots
Some of the timeslots are dedicated for signaling
One trunk in GSM is defined as one timeslot on the radio transceiver
Based on number of trunks and required Grade of Service (GOS), the
amount of traffic loading can be calculated using the traditional Erlang
B traffic model
Number of
transceivers
Number of time
slots available for
traffic
Voice capacity at
GOS of 1% [E]
Voice capacity at
GOS of 2% [E]
1 6 1.91 2.28
2 14 7.35 8.20
3 22 13.65 14.90
4 30 20.34 21.93
To estimate the maximum aggregate data traffic that can be
supported per GSM/GPRS sector, the following is assumed:
Coding scheme is CS-1
Threshold throughput per time slot is 5Kb/sec
Dominant type of data service is WWW browsing with Pareto
distribution
Average throughput per timeslot can be calculated as
s q q s
s
av
T T
R
T T
T
R R
+
=
+
=
1
0
0
Where
R
av
= Threshold throughput
R
0
= Data rate of coding scheme
T
s
= Service time
T
q
= Waiting time in queue
Using Allen-Cunneens formula and the Pareto characteristics of
different data traffic types, we can estimate the erlang data capacity
of a GPRS site
| |
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) | |
2
1
0
2
0 0
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
,
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
n
m
n
m
n
m D D
D D C
av x x
x x
x
x
n n
n
a C
a C E
R
R
Where
= shape parameter for the Pareto distribution
= minimum message length
= maximum message length
= average data traffic load in erlangs
= average number of time slots available for GPRS service,
= Erlang C delay formula | |
D D C
a C E ,
D
a
D
C
n
0
x
m
x
Traffic Planning for GPRS
Typical values of the Pareto distribution shape parameter
Data traffic type n
WWW 1.1-1.5
Ethernet 1.1-1.4
FTP 0.9-1.4
E-mail (SMTP) 1.18-1.48
Rlogin and Telnet 1.1-1.4
Parameter Symbol Value
Threshold throughput
av
R 5 Kb/sec
Pareto distribution shape
parameter
n
1.1
Minimum message size
0
x 1 Kb
Maximum message size
m
x 1.6 Mb
To illustrate the traffic dimensioning concept, consider the following
set of parameters
Traffic Planning for GPRS
Using the previous
equation and the
information from the
previous tables, the
following information can
be computed
The information from the
table below generates the
curves shown to the right
GOS of 2% GOS of 1 %
# TX # TS Voice
traffic
[E]
# Data
trunks
Data
traffic
[E]
agg
R
[Kb/sec]
Voice
traffic
[E]
# Data
trunks
Data
traffic
[E]
agg
R
[Kb/sec]
1 6 2.28 3.72 1.54 13.91 1.91 4.09 1.85 16.74
2 14 8.20 5.80 3.13 28.33 7.35 6.65 3.84 34.75
3 22 14.90 7.10 4.25 38.50 13.65 8.35 5.29 47.87
4 30 21.93 8.07 5.08 45.93 20.34 9.66 6.40 57.92
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Circuit switched traffic [erlang]
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

G
P
R
S

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
K
b
/
s
e
c
]
1 TX (6 TS) 2 TX (14 TS) 3 TX (22 TS) 4 TX (30 TS)
GOS of 2%
GOS of 1%
Traffic Planning in GPRS - Example
Determine the number of GSM radios at the GSM/GPRS site required
to support at least 7.5 erlangs of voice traffic at 2% GOS and an
aggregate CS-1 packet data throughput of 80Kb/sec. If 50% of the
users are in area of C/I that allows for CS-2 coding, what is the
available aggregate throughput?

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

G
P
R
S

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
K
b
/
s
e
c
]
1 TX (7 TS) 2 TX (14 TS) 3 TX (22 TS)
(9.7 E, 80 Kb/sec)
(7.5 E, 95 Kb/sec)
| | Kb/sec _________ =
agg
R
The aggregate
throughput can be
calculated as:

Traffic Planning in GPRS - Case Study
Consider a GSM provider trying to role out the GPRS service within
urban core area. We will assume that the traffic is following a fairly
uniform geographical distribution and that the most dominant traffic
type is WWW browsing. Other relevant data is given below:
Parameter Value
Amount of spectrum 5 MHz
Reuse strategy N = 4/12
Peak circuit switched load 420 E
Site configuration 3-sectored
Determine the following:
Number of sites necessary for handling the circuit switched voice at
2% GOS
Aggregate GPRS capacity per site (for CS-1 coding scheme)
If the system is to provide aggregate capacity of 2.5Mb/sec while
serving the peak voice traffic load, how many sites need to be
installed?
Traffic Planning in GPRS - Case Study
Analysis:
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e

G
P
R
S

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
K
b
/
s
e
c
]
GPRS Throughput Curve for 2TX
95 . 5 =
v
D
A
R
=
ARFCN
N
=
CELL
N
=
agg
R
>
v CELL
a N
>
D CELL
R N
s
v
D
a
R
=
CELL
N
=
agg
R
Class Agenda
What is GPRS?
Protocol Stack
Air Interface
Mobility Management
Quality of Service
Traffic Planning
Conclusions
EDGE
SMS, Data (9.6Kbit/s)
UMTS
2 Mbit/s
GPRS
171.2 kbit/s
HSCSD
60 kbit/s
Bandwidth
Technology
384 kbit/s
9.6 kbit/s
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
GSM 2+
9.6 Kb/sec
HSCSD
64 Kb/sec
GPRS
114 Kb/sec
EDGE
384 Kb/sec
UMTS
2Mb/sec
1999
3Q
2000
1Q
2001
1Q
2002
2Q
2003
Timeline
Data
Rates
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
GPRS - General Packet Radio System
EDGE - Enhanced Data GSM Environment
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telephone Service
GPRS
160 kbps
EDGE
384 kbps
UMTS
2 Mbps
HSCSD
64 kbps
GSM 2+
9.6 kbps
High Speed Circuit Switch
Data
Existing GSM
structure
Combines multiple
TS
Software upgrade at
BTS
Enhanced Data for GSM
Evolution
Uses 8PSK
modulation
Provides higher data
rates than GPRS
Major changes to
GSM
UMTS - FDD
3G solution for GSM
Up to 2Mbps data
rates


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