Evaluation

Geological Engineering Basics

GEOL 4233 Class April 27, 2008

Dan Boyd Oklahoma Geological Survey Norman, Oklahoma

Geological Engineering Overview

Reservoir Issues
Porosity Permeability Fluid Saturation

Fluid / Pressure Terminology & Concepts

Fluid (Water, Oil Gas) Pressure (Saturation, Mobility, Compressibility)

Drive Mechanisms
Oil Gas Multiphase Flow Issues (Coning)

Reservoir Management
General Principles Production Curves Improved Recovery

General Reservoir Issues

Porosity Permeability Fluid Saturations

Porosity
Storage Capacity

Nominal Pay Cutoffs

Oil: 10% Gas: 8%

Porosity Types
Intergranular (clastics) Intercrystaline (carbonates) Fracture Dissolution (moldic, vuggy, cavernous)

Logs
Density Neutron Sonic

Booch Core Porosity vs. Depth

Schematic Porosity vs. Depth Plot

(Hard Rock Country)

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Permeability
Producibility

Kv Kh (vertical vs. horizontal)

Conventional Reservoirs Fractured Reservoirs Unconventional Reservoirs

Relative Permeability
Enhanced Permeability
Acid Treatment Fracture Stimulation

Logs
Spontaneous Potential (SP) Resistivity Suite

Booch Core Porosity vs. Permeability

(Maximum Values)

Core Porosity vs. Permeability Plot

Fluid Saturation
Water
Wetting (dewatering) Connate Irreducible (Swirr)

Oil
Water displacement (Soi) Fractured Reservoirs Unconventional Reservoirs

Gas
Molecular Size (mobility) Water/Oil displacement (Sgi)

Schematic Reservoir Grain Size vs. Water Saturation

Grain Size (permeability)

Shale (Magnified)

Water Saturation Initial (complete pore volume) Irreducible (rims only)

Reservoir Sandstone
Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum

Pores
(blue)

Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Gas Accumulations

Water Saturation vs. Porosity

(Taken from Booch Brooken Gas Field Study)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 30 20 15 10

Porosity

Swi

Unconventional (Low-Perm)

Shale
(Organic-Rich)

1 Inch

Pressures / Fluids

Fluid Terminology
Water:
Connate

Movable vs. Irreducible

Schematic Reservoir Grain Size vs. Water Saturation

Grain Size (permeability)

Shale (Magnified)

Water Saturation Initial (complete pore volume) Irreducible (rims only)

Fluid Terminology
Water:
Connate

Movable vs. Irreducible

Salinity (ppm): Chlorides vs. T.D.S.

Fresh Brackish Normal Marine - Hypersaline

Secondary Recovery (Waterflood)

Compressibility (10x rule)

Water Support Likely

Water Support Unlikely

Fluid Terminology
Oil:
Gravity (API)

Viscosity (cp)

GOR (gas to oil ratio)

Saturated vs. Undersaturated (gas cap secondary gas cap)

Fluid Terminology
Oil:
Gravity (API)

Viscosity (cp)

GOR (gas to oil ratio)

Saturated vs. Undersaturated (gas cap secondary gas cap)

Contrast with Condensate

Live vs. Dead

Sweet vs. Sour

Fluid Terminology
Gas:
Heating Value

Condensate Yield

Condensate vs. Oil

Wet vs. Dry

Sweet vs. Sour

Other Components (CO2, N2)

Pressure Terminology
Normal Pressure (hydrostatic)
Under-pressure (fluid leak-off) Over-pressure (incomplete de-watering)

Measurements: Reservoir Pressure (BHP, calculated vs. measured) Flowing Tubing Pressure (FTP, at surface) Casing Pressure (between casing and tubing)

Saturation Pressures
Oil : Gas :
Bubble Point

Dew Point (retrograde occurs in reservoir)

Fluid Mobility / Compressibility

Molecular Size Mobility
High

Compressibility
Very High

Gas -

Small

Oil -

Large

Medium

Moderate (~GOR)

Water -

Medium

Low

Low (10x Rule)

Drive Mechanisms

Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Solution Gas Drive (dissolved gas) (also called depletion)
Gas Expansion Drive (gas cap) Water Drive Combination Drive Gravity Drainage

Unconformity Trap

Shallow (Low Pressure)

Schematic Gravity Drainage

Gas Reservoirs

Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanism

Dominantly Depletion

Gas

Gas / Water Contact

Coalbed Methane Production

Coalbed Methane Well (Oklahoma)

Multi-Phase Flow Issues

Gas Oil
Water

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

 D 6 HORIZONTAL WELLBORE TRAJECTORIES

LOWER D6 ( S 36 ) STRUCTURE NET SAND
B-69 B-54 B-46

B-92 B-98

B-176
30

B-94

B-99
S.L. S.L.

B-181 B-56
N

200

400

600

800

1000 M.

BADAK - 185 HORIZONTAL SCHEMATIC WELLBORE STRATIGRAPHY

( VERTICAL EXAGGERATION = 20X )
8000 8200 8400

PILOT HOLE
TVD SS -7090
S 33

7800

8600

8800

9000

9200

MEASURED DEPTH

-7100
~ OIL RIM UPPER LIMIT IN PILOT

-7110

-7120
B-184 PILOT GOC

-7130
INITIAL TARGET DEPTH

S 36 BEGIN O/W TRANSITION ZONE IN PILOT

-7140

50 % Sw IN PILOT

-7150

Badak-185 Horizontal Lateral

(Elan Plus Interpretation)

Pressure Gradients

Pressure Gradients

Reservoir Management
Preservation of Reservoir Energy (pressure)
Water into the bottom Gas into the top

Long term gain for short term pain (production restraint)

General Principles

Production
Primary Secondary (Waterflood) Tertiary (Enhanced)

Strong City Field Gas Production

Vertical Arbuckle Gas Well

COSTILOW - WILBURTON
1,002,828

802,828

602,828
Production Rates

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

402,828

202,828

2,828 Gas Production (mcf) 1988 1991

1994

1997 Time

2000

2003

2006

2009

Cum: 44.5 BCF

Vertical Coalbed Methane Well (Cherokee Platform)

ROSSON VERNON - HOLLOW NORTHWEST
4,137

3,137

Production Rates

2,137

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

1,137

137 1999

Gas Production (mcf) 2000 2001 2002 2003 Time 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Vertical Hartshorne Coalbed Methane Well

ARMY CORPS OF ENG - BROOKEN
25,253

20,253

15,253
Production Rates

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

10,253

5,253

Gas Production (mcf)

253 1983

1986

1989

1992

1995 Time

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

Horizontal Hartshorne Coalbed Methane Well

DENNY - HASKELL COUNTY CBM GAS AREA
20,025

15,025

Production Rates

10,025

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

5,025

Gas Production (mcf)

25 2005

2006 Time

2007

2008

Vertical Woodford Gas Well

HAYNIE - AYLESWORTH DISTRICT SOUTHEAST
80,001

60,001

Production Rates

40,001

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

20,001

Gas Production (mcf)

1 1974

1978

1982

1986

1990 Time

1994 Oil Production (bbl) 1998 2002

2006

2010

Horizontal Woodford Gas Well

PASQUALI - CHILES DOME
83,062

63,062

Production Rates

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

43,062

Gas Production (mcf)

23,062 2006

2007 Time

2008

Horizontal Woodford Gas Well

SHERMAN ELLIS - PINE HOLLOW SOUTH
397,827

Production Rates

297,827 Gas Production (mcf)

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

197,827 2007 Time

2008

Remedial work ?

Misener Oil Well

VANN C - PERRY
8,104

6,104

Production Rates

4,104

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

2,104

Gas Production (mcf)

Cum: 670 MBO + 207 MMCF Current Rate: 24 BOPD

Oil Production (bbl) 104 1982 1985 1988

1991

1994 Time

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

Approximately 240 MMCF Vented

Primary Recovery

Improving Recovery
Secondary (Waterflood) Enhanced (Tertiary)

Producing Wells

Secondary Recovery
Of 60% Remaining in Reservoir

Injectio n Wells

Water Gas Steam Chemical Fire

Pumped into the reservoir to force additional petroleum out of the pores in the reservoir rock

Tecumseh NW Field Example of Ideal Primary Secondary Production Curve

Shawnee Lake SE Field

Secondary 2/3rds of total production

Enhanced Recovery

Postle Field Oil Production

Next:

Volumetrics
(Bring a calculator and straight edge to class)