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Data Communication & Computer Networks
Data Communication & Computer Networks
1. Introduction
Instructor:
Zaid Ahmad, Assistant Professor Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross Data Communications and Networking, Behrouz A. Forouzan zaid.a@iqra.edu.pk
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Books:
Email:
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What is ?
Communication
Information transfer, according to agreed conventions using hand signals, language, Morse code, electrical signals etc. Communication at a distance or communication using a medium having electrical properties, includes telephony, telegraphy, television etc.
Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more destinations. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
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Telecommunication
Data Communication
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Components
Effectiveness
Delivery
To deliver data to correct destination(s) only To deliver data accurately To deliver data in a timely manner, e.g. realtime transmission Variation in the Packet Arriver Time
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Accuracy
Timeliness
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Jitter
Data representation
Text
ASCII or Basic Latin Extended ASCII Unicode Base-2 Base-10 Base-16 Base-256
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Numbers
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Data representation
Images
Audio Video
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Data Flow
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
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What is a network?
It is a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer or printer etc.
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Distribute Processing Tasks Share resources ( Peripherals, files, internet connection etc.) Communicate and collaborate
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Network criteria
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Performance: Throughput and Latency (delay) Reliability: frequency of failure, recovery time, robustness Security: Protection from unauthorized access, damage and development, policies and procedures for recovery from breaches
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Physical Structure
Type of Connection Physical Topology Categories of Network Networks Interconnection Network Models
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Type of Connection
Point-to-point
Multipoint
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Point-to-point connection
Provides a dedicated link between devices. Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the two devices.
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Multipoint connection
More than two specific devices share a single link. The capacity of the channel is shared.
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Physical Topology
It refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. It is a geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices to one another.
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Mesh topology
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to connect n devices with each device having n-1 I/O ports.
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Star topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller (usually a hub). Less expensive than mesh.
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Bus topology
One long cable acts as a backbone to link all devices. Multipoint connection (shared link)
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Ring topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection only with two other devices. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction.
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Categories of networks
A Network is categorized with respect to its size, its ownership, the distance it covers and its physical architecture.
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Smaller scope
Usually owned by same organization as attached devices Data rates much higher Usually broadcast systems
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LAN
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Middle ground between LAN and WAN May be owned by Private company or a service provided by a public company Large area
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Large geographical area Crossing public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits
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Layered Tasks
The concept of layered tasks is common in our daily life, e.g. postal mail.
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What is a protocol?
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Required for devices to communicate Vendors have more marketable products Customers can insist on standards based equipment Two standards:
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OSI Model
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Protocol Hierarchies
The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peers.
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Protocol Hierarchies
Layer 5 (Application)
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Protocol Hierarchies
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Protocol Hierarchies
PDU Fragmentation Assembly
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Internet Layers
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Physical Layer
It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next. It is mainly concerned with
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It is responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the next. Its major duties are
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A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link. At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection
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Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source to the final destination. Performs routing functions across multiple networks Implemented in end systems and routers
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Transport Layer
It is responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another. Its major functions are
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Application Layer
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Summary
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Addresses
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
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Addresses
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