INTRODUCTION TO COFFEESCRIPT

Stalin

We will discuss about

CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript

in Rails

jQuery

with CoffeeScript

COFFEESCRIPT
Its just JavaScript

CoffeeScript
What is CoffeeScript Why CoffeeScript Types, Variables, Operators , Expressions and Statements Control flow Arrays, Objects and loops Functions Object Orientation Error handling

WHAT IS COFFEESCRIPT.?
Introduction to CoffeeScript

What is CoffeeScript?
Coffee

script is a little language that compiles to JavaScript The golden rule of the CoffeeScript is: "it is just a JavaScript". The code compiles one-to-one into the equivalent There is no interpretation at run time

WHY COFFEESCRIPT?
Introduction to CoffeeScript

Why CoffeeScript?
CoffeeScript

repairs many of the confusing and cumbersome aspects of JavaScript, while keeping its underlying flexibility and beauty It is an attempt to expose the good part of the JavaScript in a simple way It won't bother about semicolons and braces

Why CoffeeScript?
CoffeeScript compiles into JavaScript, Least amount of code to solve problems Readable and Understandable Easy to Maintain

TYPES, VARIABLES, OPERATORS, EXPRESSIONS AND STATEMENTS

Introduction to CoffeeScript

Types
In CoffeeScript , every value has a type, which determines the kind of role it can play. There are six basic type of values: Numbers Strings Booleans Objects Functions Undefined values

Basic Types: Numbers

Value of the type number are, numeric values like 123 Fractional numbers are written by using a dot. 9.81 Also supports 'scientific' notation by adding an e, followed by the exponent of the number: 2.998e8

Basic Types: Strings

Strings are used to represent the text.
Strings

are written by enclosing their content in

quotes CoffeeScript implements both single and double quoted strings. Double quoted strings can contain interpolated values, small snippets of code between #{ and }.

Basic Types: Strings

A

lengthy string can be folded into multiple lines in the program but the lines breaks will not be shown in the output. Ex: CS: The string is folded to more than one line JS: The string is folded to more than one line

Basic Types: Strings

CoffeeScript has triple quoted strings known as 'heredoc' to have multiple line strings with line breaks and alignments. Ex: CS: The string is folded to more than one line JS: The string is folded \n to more than one line

Basic Types: Boolean

In Boolean type we have two values 'true' and 'false 'true' can be written as 'on' or 'yes'. 'false' as 'no' or 'off'. This aliases make the program more easier to read. Ex: CS: if paid() and coffee() is on then pour() JS: if (paid() && coffee() === true) { pour(); }

Variables
It

provides a thing called 'variable' to retrieve and store the value A variable has a name and it pointing to a value Assigning a value to a variable name with = operator creates a variable Declaration is not needed. var a is reserved word

Variables
Limitations on variable name: Name can be a word, but it can't have spaces Cant start with digits $ and _ can be used in names $_$ is a valid variable name

Operators
It supports all the generic arithmetic, logic and unary operators. Apart from that it provides the following new operators CoffeeScript ==, is !=, isnt not and or true, yes, on false, no, off JavaScript === !== ! && || true false

Operators: Existential Operators

Scenario CoffeeScript

How do we check to see that a variable isnt defined and isnt null?
Set a variable to Zero unless previously set Only call function if it exists (in Ruby try() )

alert 'it exists!' if cupsOfCoffee?

cupsOfCoffee ?= 0

vehicle.start_engine?().shift_gear?()

Expression
In CoffeeScript program, a piece of code that produces a value is called Expression. Every value is an expression ( such as 12, 'apple'). Ex: i = i + 2

Statements
A program is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement will have internal components (e.g., expressions). In CoffeeScript, Most of the statements end with new line Also can end with semicolon If we want to have multiple statements in a same line, we can use semicolons to separate statements.

CONTROL FLOWS
Introduction to CoffeeScript

Control flow
The control-flow of a language specify the order in which computations are performed. Already we know the most common control-flow constructions such as if, if/else, unless and switch In CoffeeScript, Conditional statements can be written without the parenthesis and brackets Multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation. Ex: CS: if a is 10 and b is 20 alert condition true JS: if(a === 10 && b === 20) { alert(condition true); }

Control flow
A handy postfix form, with the if or unless at the end Ex: CS: addCaffeine() if not Decaf() addCaffeine() unless Decaf() There is no explicit ternary statement in CoffeeScript. But we can imitate using if then else.. Ex: CS: if age < 18 then alert 'Under age' else alert 'of age'

ARRAYS, OBJECTS AND LOOPS

Introduction to CoffeeScript

Arrays
CoffeeScript

provides a special kind of object called Array. It has a collection of data in it length property contains the amount of values in the array New arrays can be created using brackets ([ and ]) Ex: storeLocations = ['Orlando', 'Winter Park', 'Sanford']

Arrays
Commas between elements are optional, whey there are placed in separate lines Ex: CS: storeLocations = [ 'Orlando' 'Winter Park' 'Sanford ]

Ranges also create arrays Ex: CS: range = [1..4] JS: var range = [1, 2, 3, 4]

Arrays
Numbering Subsets

array elements starts from 0

Ex: range = [1..4] # => [1, 2, 3, 4] range[0..2] # => [1, 2, 3] range[1range.length] # => [2, 3,4] range[1..-1] # => [2, 3, 4]

Arrays: Loops
forEach Ex: CS: storeLocations = ['Orlando', 'Winter Park', 'Sanford'] storeLocations.forEach (location, index) -> alert "Location: #{location}

for .. in .. Ex: for location in storeLocations alert "Location: #{location}"

Arrays: Loops
In CoffeeScript, loops can be written as expression in shorter form for .. in Ex: storeLocations = ("#{loc}, FL" for loc in storeLocations) for .. in .. when # like filter Ex: geoLocate(loc) for loc in storeLocations when loc isnt 'Sanford

for .. in .. by Ex: numbers = (number for number in [0..12] by 2)

Objects
Objects are list of keys and values ( hash ) Ex: cat = { colour: 'grey, name: 'Spot }

Curly braces are optional Ex: cat = colour: 'grey, name: 'Spot

Commas optional, when separated by lines Ex: cat = colour: 'grey name: 'Spot

Objects
Must be careful with indenting Ex: CS: cat = colour: 'grey name: 'Spot

JS: cat = { colour: grey }; ({ name: Spot })

Objects: Loops
for .. of .. Ex: CS: mailArchive = 0: (mail number 1)' 1: '(mail number 2)' 2: '(mail number 3)'

for current of mailArchive alert Processing e-mail #{current } #{mailArchive[current]}

FUNCTIONS
Introduction to CoffeeScript

Functions: JS

In JavaScript, we have two ways to create functions

Named functions Ex: function coffee() { return confirm("Ready for some Coffee?"); } Function expressions Ex: var coffee = function() { return confirm("Ready for some Coffee?"); }

But both are invoked with coffee()

Functions: CS
We

use only function expressions 1 tab or 2 space indented -> converts to function(){ Always has the return value Ex: coffee = -> confirm "Ready for some Coffee?"

Functions: CS
Function

parameters
arguments will be placed before ->

Function

Ex: show = (message) -> alert message

Optional

parameters

Ex: show = (message = Default message) -> alert message

Functions: CS
Function definition coffee = -> Function calling coffee()

coffee = (message) -> coffee = (message, other) ->

Parenthesis optional

coffee(Test) coffee(Test, 2)
coffee Test, 2

Functions: CS

Splats (For a variable number of arguments)

Definition Ex: searchLocations = (brand, cities...) ->

"looking for #{brand} in #{cities.join(',')}"

Invoking Ex: a) searchLocations 'Starducks', 'Orlando b) searchLocations 'Starducks', 'Orlando', 'Winter Park c) params = ['Starducks', 'Orlando', 'Winter Park'] searchLocations(params...)

OBJECT ORIENTATIONS
Introduction to CoffeeScript

Classes, Inheritance and Super

CoffeeScript provides a basic class structure that allows us to name our class, set the superclass, assign properties, and define the constructor.

Classes, Inheritance and Super

CoffeeScript class Animal constructor: (@name) -> move: (meters) -> alert #{@name} moved #{meters}m." JavaScript Animal = (function() { function Animal(name) { this.name = name; } Animal.prototype.move = function(meters) { return alert(this.name + (" moved " + meters + "m.")); }; return Animal; })();

Classes, Inheritance and Super

The extends operator helps with proper prototype setup, and can be used to create an inheritance chain between any pair of constructor functions. Ex: class Horse extends Animal move: -> alert "Galloping..." super 45 horse = new Horse(Tommy) horse.move()

ERROR HANDLING
Introduction to CoffeeScript

Try, catch and finally

Try/catch statements are same as JavaScript Ex: try catsAndDogsLivingTogether() catch error print error finally cleanUp()

COFFEESCRIPT IN RAILS
Introduction to CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript in Rails

It has been included in Rails 3.1 To change a JavaScript file to a CoffeeScript one we just have to append .coffee to the file name. When a CoffeeScript file is requested, it is processed by the processor provided by CoffeeScript

JQUERY WITH COFFEESCRIPT

Introduction to CoffeeScript

jQuery with CoffeeScript

Javascript CoffeeScript

jQuery(function($) { function changeTab(e) { e.preventDefault(); $("#tabs li a.active").removeClass("active"); $(this).addClass("active"); } $("#tabs ul li a").click(changeTab); });

$ -> changeTab = (e) -> e.preventDefault() $("#tabs li a.active").removeClass("active") $(@).addClass("active") $("#tabs ul li a").click(changeTab)

REFERENCES
Introduction to CoffeeScript

References

http://coffeescript.org/ http://autotelicum.github.com/SmoothCoffeeScript/