Thirst

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Hypovolemic Thirst

Low blood volume Kidneys release renin into the blood Proteins in blood form angiostensin I Angiostensin I is converted to angiostensin II Angiostensin II constricts blood vessels and stimulates cells in subfornical organ to increase drinking 7/2/12

Type of Thirst

Stimulus

Best Receptor relieved by Location drinking OVLT, a brain area adjoining the third ventricle

Hormone Influences

Osmotic

High solute Water concentrati on outside cells causes loss of water from cells

Accompani ed by vasopressin secretion to conserve water

Hypovolemic
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Low blood Water volume containing solutes

1.

2.

Baroreceptors, Subfornical

Increased by angiotensin II

Hormonal influences

Vasopressin water re-absorption Aldosterone- salt retention

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Hunger

Review of the digestive system Factors of affecting hunger

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Factors on food selection

Enzymes and consumption of dairy products Nature of species

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Factors affecting hunger

Taste Digestion control

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If you could get all the nutrition you need by swallowing pills, would you do it?

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Stomach distention

Vagus nerve Splanchnic nerves

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Intestine

Duodenum

CCK Limit size meal

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Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon

Glucose digested food in the bloodstream

Main fuel of the brain Liver converts extra glucose to glycogen

addresses feedback

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Hormonal influence

Insulin enables glucose to enter cells Glucagon stimulate liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose

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Start-Hunger Eating

Insulin and Glucagon feedback system

Blood glucose increases. Insulin release increases Insulin helps glucose enter cells for use or storage. Hunger decreases. Blood glucose levels decline. Insulin levels decrease. end
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Below glucagon release increases. Some stored supplies are converted to glucose, which enters the blood, slowing the return of hunger

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Hypothalamus

Lateral hypothalamus feeding center Ventromedial hypothalamus satiety center

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Contribution of Lateral Hypothalamus

Axons from the lateral hypothalamus to NTS (nucleus of the tractus solitarius), part of the taste pathway, alter taste sensation and the salivation response to the tastes Lateral hypothalamus cells increase the pituitary glands secretion of hormone that increase insulin secretion.
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Axons from lateral hypothalamus extends into the forebrain structures, facilitating ingestion and swallowing and causing cortical cells to increase their response to taste, smell, or sight of food. Dopamine -containing axons that pass through the lateral hypothalamus initiate and reinforce learned behaviors 7/2/12

Lateral hypothalamus sends axons to the spinal cord, controlling autonomic responses such as digestive secretions.

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ffects of lesions in certain hypothalamic Areas

Hypothalamic Area Preoptic area

Lateral preoptic area

Lateral hypothalamus

Ventromedial 7/2/12

Effect if lesion Deficit in physiological mechanisms of temperature regulation Deficit in osmotic thirst due partly to damage cells and partly passing to interruption of the passing axons Undereating, weight loss, low insulin level, underarousal and underresponsiveness Increased meal frequency,

Neurotransmitter
Leptin and NPY

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