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The Laplace Transform: DX X F e S F X F
The Laplace Transform: DX X F e S F X F
The Laplace Transform: DX X F e S F X F
Let f(x) be defined for 0x< and let s denote an arbitrary real variable. The Laplace transform of f(x) designated by either {f(x)} or F(s), is
for all values of s for which the improper integral Click to edit Master subtitle style converges. sx
{ f ( x)} = F ( s ) = e
0
f ( x)dx
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exists. If the sx does not exist, the improper limit integral diverges and f(x) has no Laplace transform.
lim e
0
f ( x)dx
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{ f ( x)} = F ( s ) = e sx f ( x)dx
0
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EXAMPLE
Determine whether the improper integral
1 x 2 dx 2
converges.
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EXAMPLE
Determine whether the improper integral
1 dx x 9
converges.
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EXAMPLE
Determine those values of s for which the improper integral
e
0
sx
dx converges.
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Find {eax}
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C1 F ( s ) + C2G ( s )
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{ f ( x)} = F ( s )
e f ( x) = F ( s a)
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{ f ( x)} = F ( s )
x f ( x) = ( 1)
ds
F [( s )]
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{ f ( x)} = F ( s )
then
x 1 f (t )dt = F ( s ) 0 s
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{ f ( x)} =
e
0
sx
f ( x)dx
1 e ws
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The method of partial fractions transforms a function of the form a(s)/b(s), where both a(s) and b(s) are polynomials in s, into the sum of other fractions such that the denominator of each new fraction is either a first degree or a quadratic polynomial raised to some power. The method requires only
1.
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Manipulating Numerators: A factor s-a in the numerator may be written in terms of the factor s-b, where both a and b are constants, through the identity s-a=(s-b)+(b-a). The multiplicative constant a in the numerator may be written explicitly in terms of the multiplicative constant b through the 7/2/12 identity a=(a/b)(b)
Both identities generate recognizable inverse Laplace transforms when they are combined with: If the inverse Laplace transforms of two functions F(s) and G(s) exist, then for any constants C1 and C2.
-1 -1 -1
{ C1 F ( s ) + C2G ( s )} = C1 { F ( s )} + C2 { G ( s )}
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very broad conditions, the Laplace transform of the nth-derivative (n=1,2,3,) of y(x) is
Solutions of Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients by Laplace Denote {y(x)} by Y(s). Then under Transforms
d n y n n 1 n = s Y ( s ) s y ( 0) dx n2 (0) ... sy ( n 2 ) (0) y ( n 1) (0) s y
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If the initial conditions on y(x) at x=0 are given by y(0)=C0 , y(0)=C1 ,.. y(n-1) (0)=Cn-1 , then d n y n n 1 n2 n = s Y ( s ) c0 s c1s ... cn 2 s cn 1 dx
{ y( x)} = s Y ( s ) c0
bn
dx
+ b n -1
dx
n 1
+ ...... + b1
dx
+ b 0 y = g ( x)
First, take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation
d y d y dy b n n + b n -1 n 1 + ...... + b1 + b 0 y = g ( x) dx dx dx
Thereby obtaining an algebraic equation for Y(s). Then solve for Y(s) algebraically, and finally take inverse -1 y(x) = { to )} Laplace transformsY ( sobtain
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n 1
Example
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