Chap 36: Diffraction and Interference

http://www.hotquanta.com/wpd.ht ml

Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

Gamm a Rays Violet Xrays
Ultr a viol et

Infrared

Radio Waves
Mic ro wav e T F V M

Visible Light
500 nm 600 nm

Re d

A M

400 nm

700 nm

Shorter Longer Wavelength Wavelength HIGHER Energy LOWER Energy ORDER the types of EM radiation from highest to lowest energy. (1) UV (2) IR (3) visible (3-digit answer)
IR = infrared UV =

(Courtesy: Dr. Baski)

yy E0 E0
B0 B0

Review: Electromagnetic Waves

E E

Plane of polarization
x

r Direction of propagation vem xx

zz B B

The speed of electromagnetic waves is c = 0 00 in vacuum. 0m/s Therefore, the wavelength and frequency fcan be related by:

c=f
A green light has a wavelength of 500 nm. What is the frequency of this light? In the unit of 1014 Hz.

0 00m / s 0 0 c = f > f =c/ = = 0 00 0 Hz 00 00m / nm 0nm 0

Young;s Double-Slit Experiment

(Credit: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Franz.Embacher/KinderUni2005/waves.gif)

MIT Demonstration:

http://techtv.mit.edu/collections/physicsdemos/videos/2384-laser-diffraction-and-

Analyzing Double-slit Interference

m=1

m=0

Central maximum

m=1
(Credit: American Physical Society)

If the viewing screen is moved closer to the double slit, what happens to the interference fringes? (a) They get brighter but otherwise do not change. (b) They get brighter and closer together. (c) They get brighter and further apart. (d) They fade out and disappear.

Analyzing Double-slit Interference

Interference
d
Path r 1

y P Ltan 0

L d<<L

Path r 2

if r = (m+1/2), destructive interference m L mth bright fringe: d sin m = m , m = m , ym = L tan m = d d mth dark fringe:

r = r2 r1 = dsin

if r = m, constructive interference

1 d sin m = m + , 2

1 L ym = m + 2 d

Interference Patterns
The mth bright fringe occurs where the wave from one slit travels m wavelength farther than the one from the other slit. The interference pattern is a series of equally spaced bright lines. The fringe spacing y:

The dark fringes are located exactly halfway between the bright fringes.

L y = ym +1 ym = d

A beam of green light ( = 500 nm) passes a double-slit

spaced 0.4 mm apart. The screen is 2 m from the slits. What is the distance between the two m = 2 bright fringes?

Interference Pattern of a Double-slit

(Courtesy: Prof. Mazur, Peer Instruction)

A beam of red light passes a narrow double-slit and generate an pattern as shown on the screen. The orientation of the slits is:

(A)

(B)

(C)

Interference Pattern of Waves

When the wavelength becomes longer, the bright fringes are Shorter ______ . (a) closer together (b) further apart 0When the wave sources are closer together, the bright fringes are ______ . Longer (a) closer together (b) further apart

L y = ym +1 ym = d
www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/doubleSlit/doubleSlit.html

(Courtesy: Dr. Baski)

Intensity of The Interference Pattern

Intensity of an EM wave is I1 = P = Savg = c 0 E02
A 2

The electric field of the superposition of two EM waves is:

E = 2 E cos 2
2 0

is the phase difference at the point

= 2 r d sin dy = 2 2 L

d E = 2 E02 cos L

The intensity of the superposition of two EM waves is:

I= c 0 2 c d E = 4 0 E0 2 cos2 2 2 L d y = 4 I1 cos2 L y

Thin-film Interferences
air n air (1) (2) (1) At air/film surface, a 180 phase shift: Path difference of ray (1): 1 = /2 (2) No phase shift at film/air interface. t But the reflected ray (2) travels a distance of 2t: 2 = 2t. (3) Total path difference of the two rays: = 2t - /2 Destructive interference: = 2 2t =(2 m 1) or

m t = mn / 2 = 2n

The color of a thin soap film depends on: (a) the thickness of the film (b) the index of the soap

Diffraction Grating
Path r 1 Path r N

r = rn+1 rn = dsin m, constructive interference if r =

if r = (m+1/2), destructive interference mth bright fringe:

d sin m = m , ym = L tan m
(m is not small!!) Intensity Imax =N 2 I1

A beam of two-color light (1 = 500 nm, 2 = 609 nm) passes a

diffraction grating. The 1st order diffraction pattern will be: (a) the short wavelength one on the top (b) the long wavelength one on the top (c) the two colors overlap each other

Single Slit
Path r 1 Path r N
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/sinslit.html

The dark fringes have:

The width of the central bright fringe is: w = 2 L

a sin p = p

The diffraction patterns of two light passing through a slit is shown. Then,

(a) 1 > 2; (b) = ; (c) <