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Ch14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory
Ch14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory
A portion of the periodic table showing the atomic number and atomic mass of each element. In the periodic table it is customary to omit the symbol u denoting the atomic mass unit.
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The molecular mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic masses of its atoms. Macroscopic amounts of materials contain large numbers of atoms or molecules. Even in a small volume of gas, 1 cm3, for example, the number is enormous. It is convenient to express such large numbers in terms of a single unit, the gram-mole, or simply the mole (symbol: mol). One gram-mole of a substance contains as many particles (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. 12 grams of carbon-12 contain 6.022 1023 atoms. The number of atoms per mole is known as Avogadros number NA, after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (17761856):
The mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass units).
(a)
Calculations like those in part (a) reveal that the Rosser Reeves ruby contains 0.271 mol or
The absolute pressure of an ideal gas is proportional to the number of molecules or, equivalently, to the number of moles n of the gas (P n).
nT/V.
IDEAL GAS LAW The absolute pressure P of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature T and the number of moles n of the gas and is inversely proportional to the volume V of the gas: P = R(nT/V). In other words,
where R is the universal gas constant and has the value of 8.31 J/(molK).
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The constant term R/NA is referred to as Boltzmanns constant, in honor of the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (18441906), and is represented by the symbol k:
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One mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters at a temperature of 273 K (0 C) and a pressure of one atmosphere (1.013 105 Pa). These conditions of temperature and pressure are known as standard temperature and pressure (STP).
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The number of moles does increase as the bubble rises. Each bubble acts as a nucleation site for CO2 molecules, so as a bubble moves upward, it accumulates carbon dioxide from the surrounding beer and grows larger.
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Boyles law
A pressure-versus-volume plot for a gas at a constant temperature is called an isotherm. For an ideal gas, each isotherm is a plot of the equation P = nRT/V = constant/V.
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(a)
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Vf = 0.754 m3
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Frenchman Jacques Charles (17461823) discovered that at a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass (fixed number of moles) of a low-density gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature (V T). Charles law
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KINETIC THEORY
The pressure that a gas exerts is caused by the collisions of its molecules with the walls of the container.
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A gas particle is shown colliding elastically with the right wall of the container and rebounding from it.
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= 0.707
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Diffusion
The process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration is called diffusion. The host medium, such as the air or water, is referred to as the solvent, while the diffusing substance, like the perfume molecules, is known as the solute. Relatively speaking, diffusion is a slow process, even in a gas.
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When a perfume molecule diffuses through air, it makes millions of collisions each second with air molecules. The speed and direction of motion change abruptly as a result of each collision. Between collisions, the perfume molecule moves in a straight line at a constant speed. Although a perfume molecule does move very fast between collisions, it wanders only slowly away from the bottle because of the zigzag path resulting from the collisions. It would take a long time for a molecule to diffuse in this manner across a room. Usually, however, convection currents are present and carry the fragrance across the room in a matter of seconds or minutes.
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Using diffusion, a transdermal patch delivers a drug directly into the skin, where it enters blood vessels. The backing contains the drug within the reservoir, and the control membrane limits the rate of diffusion into the skin. Another way to control the diffusion is to adjust the concentration of the drug in the reservoir by dissolving it in a neutral material.
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(a) Solute diffuses through the channel from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration. (b) Heat is conducted along a bar whose ends are maintained at different temperatures.
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FICKS LAW OF DIFFUSION The mass m of solute that diffuses in a time t through a solvent contained in a channel of length L and cross-sectional area A is
where C is the concentration difference between the ends of the channel and D is the diffusion constant. SI Unit for the Diffusion Constant: m2/s
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Large amounts of water can be given off by plants. It has been estimated, for instance, that a single sunflower plant can lose up to a pint of water a day during the growing season. Figure 14.17 shows a cross-sectional view of a leaf. Inside the leaf, water passes from the liquid phase to the vapor phase at the walls of the mesophyll cells. The water vapor then diffuses through the intercellular air spaces and eventually exits the leaf through small openings, called stomatal pores. The diffusion constant for water vapor in air is D = 2.4 105 m2/s. A stomatal pore has a cross-sectional area of about A = 8.0 1011 m2 and a length of about L = 2.5 105 m. The concentration of water vapor on the interior side of a pore is roughly C2 = 0.022 kg/m3, while that on the outside is approximately C1 = 0.011 kg/m3. Determine the mass of water vapor that passes through a stomatal pore in one hour.
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(a)
L L
c, b, a
(b) (c)
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There are three identical chambers containing a piston and a spring whose spring constant is k = 5.8 104 N/m. The chamber in part a is completely evacuated, and the piston just touches its left end. In this position, the spring is unstrained. In part b of the drawing, 0.75 mol of ideal gas 1 is introduced into the chamber, and the spring compresses by x1 = 15 cm. In part c, 0.75 mol of ideal gas 2 is introduced into the chamber, and the spring compresses by x2 = 24 cm. Find the temperature of each gas.
P = F/A
F = kx
P = kx/A
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(a)
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(b)
(c)
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Problem 22
REASONING AND SOLUTION If the pressure at the surface is P1 and the pressure at a depth h is P2, we have that P2 = P1 + We gh. also know that P1V1 = P2V2. Then,
V1 P2 P + gh gh 1 = = = 1+ V2 P1 P1 P 1
2 V1 (1.000 103 kg/m3 )(9.80 m /s )(0.200 m ) = 1+ = 1.02 5 Pa) V2 (1.01 10
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Problem 41
REASONING AND SOLUTION a. As stated, the time required for the first solute molecule to 2 traverse a channel of length L is t = L /(2D). Therefore, for water vapor in air at 293 K, where the diffusion constant is D=2.4*10-5m2/s , the time t required for the first water molecule to travel is L = 0.010 m
b. If a water molecule were traveling at the translational rms speed for water, the time t it would take to travel the distance L = 0.010 m would be given by t = L / vrms , where, according to Equation 14.6 ( 1 2 . /m KE = 2 mv), s v rms = 2(KE)Before we can use the last rm expression for the translation rms speed vrms, we must determine the mass m of a water molecule and the average translational kinetic energy KE Using the periodic table on the inside of the texts back cover, we find that the molecular mass of a water molecule is
(1.38 10
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J / K ( 293 K ) = 6.07 10
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Thus, the time t required for a water molecule to travel the distance at this speed is
1.6 10 s
c. In part (a), when a water molecule diffuses through air, it makes millions of collisions each second with air molecules. The speed and direction changes abruptly as a result of each collision. Between collisions, the water molecules move in a straight line at constant speed. Although a water molecule does move very quickly between collisions, it wanders only very slowly in a zigzag path from one end of the channel to the other. In contrast, a water molecule traveling unobstructed at its translational rms speed [as in part (b)], will have a larger displacement over a much shorter time. Therefore, the answer to part (a) is much longer than the answer to part (b)
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Problem 42
REASONING AND SOLUTION Ficks law of diffusion gives
L D A C v= = t m
( 4.2=
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Problem 44
REASONING AND SOLUTION a. The average concentration is Cav = (1/2) (C1 + C2) = (1/2)C2 = m/V = m/(AL), so that C2 = 2m/(AL). Fick's law then becomes m = DAC2t/L = DA(2m/AL)t/L = 2Dmt/L2. Solving for t yields
t = L / ( 2D)
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b. Substituting into this expression yields
31 s
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